Table 1.
Matching pair-wise analysis results assessing statistical significance of change in ED imaging volumes are provided. “Normal volume” denotes the normalized mean system-wide ED imaging volume before the state of emergency was declared in Ohio on March 9, 2020. The proportions within each subsection are provided in parentheses. “Volume during COVID-19 pandemic” denotes the mean volume during the system-wide trough of imaging utilization amidst the crisis (April 11, 2020–April 19, 2020). The proportions within each subsection are again provided in parentheses. The calculated “Mean difference” between these two columns is provided along with the lower and upper limits of the 95% confidence interval. “% Change from normal” indicates the percentage by which the volume dropped during COVID-19 compared with normal
| Normal volume (%) | Volume during COVID-19 pandemic (%) | Mean difference ± SE | % Change from normal | 95% CI | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall ED imaging | 6296 (100) | 3421 (100) | − 2875 ± 47 | − 46% | − 2983, − 2767 | < 0.0001* |
| Modality | ||||||
| Plain films | 3680 (58) | 1901 (56) | − 1779 ± 34 | − 48% | − 1858, − 1699 | < 0.0001* |
| CT | 2232 (35) | 1307 (38) | − 925 ± 14 | − 41% | − 958, − 892 | < 0.0001* |
| Ultrasound | 303 (5) | 181 (5) | − 122 ± 2 | − 40% | − 126, − 118 | < 0.0001* |
| MRI | 64 (1) | 30 (1) | − 34 ± 2 | − 53% | − 39, − 29 | < 0.0001* |
| Nuclear medicine | 12 (0) | 0 (0) | − 12 ± 1 | − 100% | − 14, − 11 | < 0.0001* |
| Plain films by body part | ||||||
| Chest | 2066 (56) | 1138 (60) | − 928 ± 25 | − 45% | − 986, − 871 | < 0.0001* |
| Spine and extremities | 1406 (38) | 677 (36) | − 729 ± 15 | − 52% | − 763, − 695 | < 0.0001* |
| Abdomen and/or pelvis | 177 (5) | 74 (4) | − 103 ± 3 | − 58% | − 110, − 97 | < 0.0001* |
| Head and/or neck | 19 (1) | 8 (0) | − 11 ± 1 | − 58% | − 12, − 9 | < 0.0001* |
| CT by body part | ||||||
| Head and/or neck | 862 (39) | 484 (37) | − 378 ± 11 | − 44% | − 402, − 353 | < 0.0001* |
| Abdomen and/or pelvis | 633 (28) | 363 (28) | − 270 ± 5 | − 43% | − 281, − 258 | < 0.0001* |
| Spine and extremities | 437 (20) | 248 (19) | − 189 ± 5 | − 43% | − 200, − 176 | < 0.0001* |
| Chest only | 253 (11) | 168 (13) | − 84 ± 6 | − 34% | − 98, − 71 | < 0.0001* |
| C/A/P | 47 (2) | 43 (3) | − 4 ± 2 | − 9% | − 9, 1 | 0.0857 |
| CT chest imaging | ||||||
| CT chest angio | 210 (77) | 125 (67) | − 85 ± 5 | − 40% | − 96, − 74 | < 0.0001* |
| CT chest IV | 16 (6) | 8 (4) | − 9 ± 1 | − 50% | − 12, − 5 | < 0.0002* |
| CT chest WO | 26 (10) | 35 (19) | 9 ± 2 | + 35% | 3, 14 | 0.0053* |
| CT C/A/P non-trauma | 8 (3) | 12 (6) | 4 ± 2 | + 50% | 0, 8 | 0.0633 |
| CT C/A/P trauma | 12 (4) | 7 (4) | − 5 ± 1 | − 42% | − 7, − 2 | 0.002* |
A negative sign indicates decrease in volume. An asterisk (*) indicates a statistically significant two-tailed p value < 0.05. SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval; Angio, angiography; IV, with intravenous contrast; WO, without intravenous contrast; C/A/P, chest, abdomen, and pelvis