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. 2020 Aug 31;11:4358. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18199-w

Fig. 2. Frequency-based, bidirectional control of post-extinction memory retrieval.

Fig. 2

a Schematic of viral strategy for in vivo optogenetic control of BLA PV-interneurons. b, c Example traces from acute BLA slices demonstrating effect of sinusoidal optical stimulation on action potential generation in PV-interneurons (also see Supplementary Fig. 2). d Schematic of experimental design for standard extinction group (see Supplementary Fig. 3a for experimental design for delayed extinction group; see Methods section for details). e Optical stimulation of BLA PV-interneurons has a bidirectional effect on memory retrieval in the conditioned context following, but not before, extinction learning (two-way repeated measures ANOVA: trial F(2,50) = 134.4, P < 0.0001, stimulation F(2,50) = 18.49, P < 0.0001, trial × stimulation F(4, 100) = 10.15, P < 0.0001, n = 26 mice; Holm–Sidak’s multiple comparisons test; fear memory: no light vs. 8 Hz stim t(100) = 0.94, P = 0.57; no light vs 4 Hz stim t(100) = 0.09, P = 0.93; fear + ext memory: no light vs 8 Hz stim t(100) = 3.27, P = 0.0015; no light vs 4 Hz stim t(100) = 4.8, P < 0.0001; no memory: no light vs 8 Hz stim t(100) = 0.21, P = 0.97; no light vs 4 Hz stim t(100) = 0.018, P = 0.99). Error bars: mean ± SEM.