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. 2020 Aug 31;11:4358. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18199-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Experimental schematic. PV-cre mice were injected with AAV-DIO-ChR2-mCherry and implanted with optic cannulae and 32 channel tetrode drives in the BLA to extract both LFP and spiking activity in mice subjected to fear conditioning and extinction. b Raster plot (top) and spike histogram (bottom) of an example light-activated BLA single-unit, aligned to onset of 15 ms light pulses (left) or to the phases of the 4 Hz and 8 Hz sinusoidal light waveform (right). c Same as b but for a light-suppressed BLA single-unit. d Spike histograms of an example neuron that significantly phase-locks to 4 Hz stimulus waveform (top) and another unit that does not (bottom). e Percentage of units that significantly phase-lock (PL) to 4 Hz stimulus waveform during extinction memory retrieval (significance based on permutation test P < 0.05, n = 23/66 units). f Units that significantly phase-lock to 4 Hz stimulation show a higher 4:8 Hz PPC ratio during freezing than units that do not phase-lock to 4 Hz stimulation. (Mann–Whitney test, two-tailed: U = 308, P = 0.039, n = 22 and 41 units). g Same as in f but during non-freeze periods. Units that significantly phase-lock to 4 Hz stimulation and those that do not, show no difference in 4:8 Hz PPC ratio during non-freezing (Mann–Whitney test, two-tailed: U = 326, P = 0.25, n = 21 and 38 units). h Units that are recruited to endogenous freezing-associated 4 Hz oscillations are more likely to phase-lock to the 4-Hz stimulus waveform (Chi-square test: X² = 10.09, P = 0.0015). i Same as d but for 8 Hz stimulation. j Same as e but for 8 Hz stimulation (significance based on permutation test P < 0.05, n = 20/66 units). k, l Same as (f-g) but for 8 Hz stimulation. Units that were significantly phase-locked to 8 Hz stimulus waveform had lower 4:8 Hz PPC ratios during non-freezing periods. (Mann–Whitney test, two-tailed: Freeze (k): U = 413, P = 0.84, n = 19 and 45 units; Non-freeze (l): U = 256, P = 0.026, n = 19 and 42 units). m Comparison of percentage of units that are recruited to endogenous non-freezing-associated 8 Hz oscillations among units that significantly phase-lock to 8 Hz stimulation vs. those that do not (Chi-square test: X² = 1.10, P = 0.29). All error bars: mean ± SEM.