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. 2020 Aug 10;17(16):5775. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165775

Table 6.

Fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) tests results and Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) long-run estimates, group average.

Groups Parameters X1 X2 X3 X4 Constant
Group 1 ARDL coefficient 0.0412 0.0933 0.3638 −0.0214 −2.7583
ARDL t-stat 2.1187 2.8695 1.3274 2.9730 −1.1813
FMOLS coefficient 0.0358 0.0390 0.3836 0.0112 −2.3624
FMOLS t-stat 1.8692 2.0291 1.3168 2.5642 −1.2765
DOLS coefficient 0.0364 0.0497 0.3895 −0.0207 −2.6475
DOLS t-stat 1.9093 2.4646 1.3746 2.6088 −1.0205
Group 2 ARDL coefficient 0.2192 0.2348 0.1627 0.2510 0.5579
ARDL t-stat 1.9379 1.7600 1.6597 0.9202 0.5980
FMOLS coefficient 0.2211 0.2542 0.1783 0.2551 0.4373
FMOLS t-stat 1.9656 1.6926 1.2906 1.7336 0.8624
DOLS coefficient 0.2209 0.2348 0.1630 0.2507 0.3867
DOLS t-stat 1.8771 1.7220 1.5830 0.9665 0.6168
Group 3 ARDL coefficient 0.0411 0.3182 −0.0331 0.2105 1.0449
ARDL t-stat 2.9831 3.0380 0.6251 0.5951 0.4289
FMOLS coefficient 0.0505 0.3349 −0.0066 0.2321 1.1124
FMOLS t-stat 2.8097 3.0461 0.6724 0.5461 0.4539
DOLS coefficient 0.0460 0.3196 −0.0213 0.2173 1.0031
DOLS t-stat 2.9605 3.0479 0.6242 0.6168 0.4228

X1 = number of confirmed COVID-19 cases; X2 = balance of food trade; X3 = food inflation; X4 = currency exchange. Source: Authors’ development.