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. 2020 Aug 10;17(16):5775. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165775

Table 7.

Toda-Yamamoto (TY) causality test results, group average.

Groups Parameters YX1 X1Y YX2 X2Y YX3 X3Y YX4 X4Y
Group 1 Test statistics 3.17 7.84 2.15 7.31 2.09 10.11 1.80 5.67
P value 0.40 0.19 0.52 0.14 0.53 0.16 0.61 0.31
Group 2 Test statistics 0.52 6.03 0.58 5.87 0.80 6.95 0.51 3.68
P value 0.60 0.12 0.57 0.11 0.52 0.06 0.65 0.24
Group 3 Test statistics 0.33 9.29 0.90 9.03 1.09 5.12 0.71 5.06
P value 0.73 0.09 0.45 0.05 0.37 0.13 0.51 0.18

Y = number of people with insufficient food consumption; X1 = number of confirmed COVID-19 cases; X2 = balance of food trade; X3 = food inflation; X4 = currency exchange. Source: Authors’ development.