Figure 3.

Path model explaining the causal relationship from physical and mental perceived health, self-efficacy, optimism, and social support to happiness with hedonic balance and life satisfaction as mediating variables. Standardized path coefficients are presented. Data from continuous arrows represent significant standardized regression weights (parameter estimates) (two-tailed p-values, p < 0.05), data in italics are non-significant at p < 0.10, and data from dotted arrows represent non-significant standardized regression weights. e_i: error terms for each variable. N = 154. Bootstrapping: 1000 samples, 95% bias-corrected confidence interval.