Table 1.
Bioactive compounds from Polar marine bacteria, fungi, cnidaria, bryozoa, mollusca, echinodermata, sponges, tunicates and macroalgae.
| Species | Collection Site (Distribution) |
Compound | Molecule Type | Bioactivity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BACTERIA | |||||
| Plylum Actinobacteria | |||||
| Class Actinobacteria | |||||
| Arthrobacter sp. | Marine sediment, Terranova Bay, Ross Sea (Antarctica); | monoramnholipids | rhamnolipid | Antimicrobial activity against Burkholderia cepacia complex | [70] |
| Surface water, sea ice, zooplankton, the deep sea, and meltwater (Arctic Ocean) | arthrobacilins A–C | cyclic glycolipids | Antimicrobial activity against Vibrio anguillarum and Staphylococcus aureus | [71] | |
| Nocardia dassonvillei | Marine sediment (Arctic Ocean) |
N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenazinamine, 1,6-dihydroxyl-phenazine, 6-hydroxyl phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, 6-methoxy-1-phenazinol, 2-amino-1, 4-naphthoquinone, 2-amino-phenoxazin-3-one and 2-(N-methylamino)-3-phenoxazone | phenazine, phenoxazine, naphthoquinone | Antifungal activity against Candida albicans and high cancer cell cytotoxicity against HepG2, A549, HCT-116 and COC1 cells | [72] |
| Nocardiopsis SCSIO KS107 | Seashore sediment sample, China Great Wall station (Antarctica) | 7-hydroxymucidone, 4-hydroxymucidone, germicidin H | α-pyrones | Antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis | [73] |
| Rhodococcus sp. B7740 | Deep seawater (Arctic Ocean) |
isorenieratene (116) | carotenoid | Antioxidant activity | [74,75] |
| menaquinone MK8(H2) (115) | isoprenoid quinone | Antioxidant and antiglycation activities | [76] | ||
| Streptomyces sp. | Marine surface sediment of the East Siberian continental margin (Arctic Ocean) | arcticoside, C-1027 chromophore-V, III, fijiolides A and B | benzoxazines, glycosylated paracyclophane |
Cytotoxic activity against breast carcinoma MDA-MB231 cells and colorectal carcinoma cells (line HCT-116) |
[77] |
| Streptomyces strain 1010 | Shallow sea sediment from the region of Livingston Island (Antarctica) | phthalic acid diethyl ester, 1,3-bis(3-phenoxyphenoxy)benzene, exanedioic acid dioctyl ester, 2-amino-9,13-dimethyl heptadecanoic acid | aromatic compounds | No activity tested * | [78] |
| Streptomyces sp. SCO736 | Marine sediment (Antarctica) | antartin (10) | zizaane-type sesquiterpene | Cytotoxic activity against A549, H1299 and U87 cancer cell lines by causing cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase |
[79] |
| Streptomyces sp. NPS008187 | Alaskan marine sediment (Arctic Ocean) |
glyciapyrroles A (11), B (12) and C (13), cyclo(leucyl-prolyl), cyclo(isoleucyl-prolyl), cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) | pyrrolosesquiterpenes, diketopiperazines | Cytotoxic activity against colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 and melanoma B16-F10 |
[80] |
| Plylum Proteobacteria | |||||
| Class γ-Proteobacteria | |||||
| Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 | French Antarctic station Dumont d’Urville, Terre Adélie (Antarctica) | methylamine | Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) | Antimicrobial activity against B. cepacia complex | [81] |
| 4-hydroxybenzoic acid | benzoic acid derivative | Antitumor activity against human A459 lung adenocarcinoma cells | [82] | ||
| cyclo-(D-pipecolinyl-L-isoleucine), cyclo-(L-prolyl-L-histidine), cyclo-(L-prolyl-L-alanine), cyclo-(L-prolyl-L-tyrosine), cyclo-(L-prolyl-L-proline), cyclo-(L-alanyl-L-isoleucine), cyclo-(D-pipecolinyl-L-leucine), cyclo-(L-pipecolinyl-L-phenylalanine), L-valyl-L-leucyl-Lprolyl-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-glutamine and L-tyrosyl-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-leucine | diketopiperazines | Antioxidant activity | [83] | ||
| pentadecanal | long-chain fatty aldehyde | Anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis | [84] | ||
| Pseudomonas sp. | Terranova Bay, Ross Sea (Antarctica) | monoramnholipids | rhamnolipid | Antimicrobial activity against B. cepacia complex | [70] |
| Psychrobacter | Marine sediment from Terranova Bay, Ross Sea (Antarctica) | monoramnholipids | rhamnolipid | Antimicrobial activity against B. cepacia complex | [70] |
| Plylum Bacteroidetes | |||||
| Class Flavobacteriia | |||||
| Aequorivita | Marine sediments from Edmonson Point (Antarctica) | R-(+)-N-[15-methyl-3-(12-methyltridecanoyloxy)-hexadecanoyl]glycine and methyl ester derivatives; | aminolipids | Antimicrobial activity against S. aureus | [85] |
| Salegentibacter strain T436 | Bottom section of a sea ice floe (Arctic Ocean) |
4-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid, 4,6-Dinitroguiacol, 4,5-Dinitro-3-methoxyphenol, (4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester, (4-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester, (4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)-acetic acid, (4-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl)-acetic acid, (4-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester, (4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)-propionic acid, (4-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl)-propionic acid, 2-Chloro-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester, 2-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester, 2-(4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)-ethanol, 2-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl)-ethyl chloride, 2-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl)-ethanol, 2-Nitro-4-(2 -nitroethenyl)-phenol, 3,5-Dinitrogenistein, 3-Nitrogenistein, 3-Nitro-1H-indole | aromatic nitro compounds | Antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, Paecilomyces variotii, Penicillium notatumb, Mucor miehei Tü 284, Magnaporthe grisea, Nematospora coryli, Ustilago nuda, Bacillus brevis, B. subtilis, M. luteus, Escherichia coli K12b, Proteus vulgaris and cytotoxic activities | [86,87] |
| Plylum Firmicutes | |||||
| Class Bacilli | |||||
| Bacillus sp. | Sea mud (Arctic Ocean) |
mixirins A, B and C | cyclopeptides | Cytotoxic activity against human colon tumor cells (HCT-116) |
[88] |
| FUNGI | |||||
| Plylum Ascomycota | |||||
| Class Eurotiomycetes | |||||
| Aspergillus protuberus MUT 3638 | Sub-sea sediments, Barents Sea (Arctic Ocean) |
bisvertinolone | sorbicillonoid | Antimicrobial activity against S. aureus |
[89] |
| Penicillium sp. PR19N-1 | Deep-sea sediment, Prydz Bay (Antarctica) | chlorinated eremophilane sesquiterpenes (14–17), eremofortine C (18) | chloro-eremophilane sesquiterpenes | Cytotoxic activity against HL-60 and A549 cancer cell lines | [90] |
| eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes (19–23, 25, 26), eremophilane-type lactam (24, 27) | eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes | Cytotoxic activity against HL-60 and A549 cancer cell lines | [91] | ||
| Penicillium granulatum MCCC 3A00475 | Deep-sea sediment, Prydz Bay (Antarctica) | spirograterpene A (37), conidiogenone I (38) and conidiogenone C (39) | tetracyclic spiro-diterpene, cyclopiane diterpenes | Spirograterpene A: antiallergic effect on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated rat mast RBL-2H3 cells |
[92] |
|
Penicillium sp. S-1-18 |
Sea-bed sediments (Antarctica) | butanolide, guignarderemophilane F, xylarenone A (28) |
furanone derivative, sesquiterpene | Butanolide: inhibitory activity of butanolide against tyrosine phosphatase 1B; xylarenone A: antitumor activity against HeLa and HepG2 cells and growth-inhibitory effects against pathogenic microbes | [93,94] |
| Penicillium crustosum PRB-2 | Deep-sea sediment, Prydz Bay (Antarctica) | penilactones A and B | oxygenated polyketides | Cytotoxic activity against HCT-8, Bel-7402, BGC-823, A549 and A2780 tumor cell lines | [95] |
| Class Dothideomycetes | |||||
| Strain KF970 (Lindgomycetaceae family) | Sea-water (Arctic Ocean) |
lindgomycin, ascosetin | polyketides | Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus | [96] |
| ALGAE-ASSOCIATED MICROBES | |||||
| Bacteria-Plylum Actinobacteria-Class Actinobacteria | |||||
| Nocardiopsis sp. 03N67 | Arctic seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida) |
cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Met) | diketopiperazine | Anti-angiogenesis activity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) | [97] |
| SPONGE-ASSOCIATED MICROBES | |||||
| Bacteria-Plylum Bacteroidetes-Class Flavobacteriia | |||||
| Cellulophaga fucicola | Antarctic sea sponge | zeaxanthin (110), β-cryptoxanthin (111), β-carotene (112) | carotenoids | Antioxidant activity | [98] |
| Zobellia laminarie | Antarctic sea sponge | zeaxanthin (110), β-cryptoxanthin (111), β-carotene (112), phytoene (113) | carotenoids | Anti-UV and antioxidant activity and phototoxicity profile in murine fibroblasts | [99] |
| Bacteria-Plylum Proteobacteria-Class γ-Proteobacteria | |||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Isodictya setifera, Ross Island (Antarctica) |
cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Val)/cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Leu)/cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Ile)/cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Phe)/cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr)/cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Met)/diketopiperazines, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, phenazine-1-carboxamide | diketopiperazines, phenazine alkaloids | Antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus and M. luteus | [65] |
| Fungi-Plylum Ascomycota-Class Leotiomycetes | |||||
| Pseudogymnoascus sp. F09-T18-1 | Antarctic sponge genus Hymeniacidon, Fildes Bay, King George Island (Antarctica) | pseudogymnoascin A, B, C, 3-nitroasterric acid | nitroasterric acid derivatives | Inactive in antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, E. coli, S. aureus, a methicillin-sensitive S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, C. albicans, Aspergillus fumigatu | [100] |
| CORAL-ASSOCIATED MICROBES | |||||
| Fungi-Plylum Ascomycota-Class Eurotiomycetes | |||||
| Penicillium sp. SF-5995 | Unidentified soft coral, Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica) | methylpenicinoline | pyrrolyl 4-quinoline alkaloid | Anti-inflammatory effect inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK pathways in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and BV2 microglia | [101] |
| CNIDARIA | |||||
| Plylum Cnidaria-Class Anthozoa | |||||
| Alcyonium antarcticum | Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica) | bulgarane sesquiterpene | sesquiterpene | No bioactivity tested (antipredation activity and ichthyotoxicity) * | [102] |
| Alcyonium antarcticum | Weddell Sea (Antarctica) | alcyopterosins | illudalane sesquiterpenoids | No bioactivity tested (antipredation activity) * | [103] |
| Alcyonium paessleri | South Georgia Islands (Antarctica) | alcyopterosin A (29), C (30), E (31), H (32) | illudalane sesquiterpenoids | Cytotoxic activity against Hep-2 (human larynx carcinoma) and HT-29 (human colon carcinoma) cell lines | [104] |
| Alcyonium paessleri | South Georgia Islands (Antarctica) | paesslerins A (33), B (34) | esquiterpenoids | Cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines | [105] |
| Anthomastus bathyproctus | Deception Island, South Shetland Islands (Antarctica) | conjugated cholestane, ergostane and 24-norcholestane steroids (79–82) | steroids | Cytotoxic activity against three human tumor cell lines. | [106] |
| Anthoptilum grandiflorum | Burdwood Bank, Scotia Arc (Antarctica) | bathyptilone A (48), B, C, enbepeanone A | briarane diterpenes, trinorditerpene | Bathyptilone A: cytotoxic activity against the neurogenic mammalian cell line Ntera-2 | [107] |
| Dasystenella acanthina | Kapp Norvegia, Eastern Weddell Sea (Antarctica) | 7 polyoxygenated steroids (83–89) | steroids | Growth inhibition of several human tumor cell lines LN-caP and K-562 | [108] |
| Gersemia fruticosa | White Sea (circumpolar Arctic) | 6 polyoxygenated sterols (90–95) | sterols | Cytotoxic activity against human erythroleukemia K-562 cells, HL-60 and P388 | [109] |
| Gersemia fruticosa | White Sea (circumpolar Arctic) | 9,11-secosterol (96) | sterol | Cytotoxic activity against human leukemia K562, cervical cancer HeLa and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells | [110] |
| Gersemia fruticosa | Alaskan Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean) | gersemiols A–C, eunicellol A (40) |
diterpenoids | Eunicellol A: antimicrobial activity against MRSA—methicillin resistant S. aureus | [111] |
| Plumarella delicatissima | Plateau of Fascination, Falkland Islands (Antarctica) | keikipukalides A–E (41–45), pukalide aldehyde (46), norditerpenoid ineleganolide (47) |
diterpenes, diterpenoid | Cytotoxic activity against leishmaniasis causing a parasite, Leishmania donovani, with no cytotoxicity against the mammalian host | [112] |
| Undescribed soft coral | Scotia Arc (Antarctica) | shagenes A (35), B (36) | sesquiterpenoids | Cytotoxic activity against leishmaniasis causing a parasite, L. donovani, with no cytotoxicity against the mammalian host | [113] |
| BRYOZOA | |||||
| Plylum Bryozoa-Class Gymnolaemata | |||||
| Tegella cf. spitzbergensis | Bear Island (Arctic Ocean) |
ent-eusynstyelamide B, eusynstyelamides D–F | brominated tryptophan-derived | Antimicrobial activity against bacteria; weak cytotoxicity against the human melanoma A2058 cell line |
[114] |
| Dendrobeania murrayana | Vesterålsfjorden, Northern Norway (Arctic Ocean) | dendrobeaniamine A | guanidine alkaloid | Tested but inactive for cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory or antioxidant activities | [115] |
| Alcyonidium gelatinosum | Hopenbanken, Svalbard (Arctic Ocean) |
ponasterone A and F | ecdysteroids | Tested but inactive for cytotoxic, antimicrobial, estrogen receptor agonist activities | [52] |
| MOLLUSCA | |||||
| Plylum Mollusca-Class Gasteropoda | |||||
| Austrodoris kerguelenensis | Anvers Island (Circumpolar Antarctica) | palmadorin A (49), B (50), D (51), M (52), N (53), O (54) | diterpenoid glyceride esters | Inhibition of human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells; Palmadorin M inhibits Jak2, STAT5, and Erk1/2 activation in HEL cells | [116] |
| ECHINODERMATA | |||||
| Plylum Echinodermata- | |||||
| Class Holothuroidea | |||||
| Kolga hyalina | Deep sea, Amundsen Basin (Arctic Ocean) |
holothurinoside B, kolgaosides A (120), B (121) | triterpene holostane nonsulfated pentaosides | Kolgaosides A–B: hemolytic activity against mouse erythrocytes and inhibition against Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells |
[117] |
| Staurocucumis liouvillei | South Georgia Islands (Antarctica) | liouvillosides A (118), B (119) | trisulfated triterpene glycosides | Activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) |
[118] |
| Class Astheroidea | |||||
| Asterias microdiscus | Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean) |
polyhydroxylated steroids A–F | steroids | No activity tested * | [119] |
| Class Ophiuroidea | |||||
| Ophiosparte gigas | Ross Sea (Antarctica) |
cholest-5-ene-2α,3α,4β,21-tetrao1-3,21-disulphate (102), cholest-5-ene-2β,3α, 21-triol-2,21-disulphate (103) | disulfated polyhydroxysteroids | cholest-5-ene-2α,3α,4β,21-tetrao1-3,21-disulphate: cytotoxic activity; cholest-5-ene-2β,3α, 21-triol-2,21-disulphate: cytoprotective activity against HIV-1 | [120] |
| Astrotoma agassizii | Antarctica | disulfated polyhydroxysteroids (104–106) | disulfated polyhydroxysteroids | Activity against one DNA (HSV-2) and two RNA (PV-3, JV) viruses | [121] |
| SPONGES | |||||
| Plylum Porifera | |||||
| Class Demospongiae | |||||
| Crella sp. | Norsel Point, Amsler Island (Antarctica) |
norselic acid A (97), B (98), C (99), D (100), E (101) | oxidized steroids | Norselic acid A: activity against MRSA, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci faecium (VREF) and C. albicans. All norselic acids were active against leishmaniasis | [122] |
| Dendrilla antarctica | Anvers Island (Antarctica) | aplysulphurin (55), membranoid A (56), B (57), C (58), D (59), E (60), G (61),H (62) | oxidized diterpenoids | Aplysulphurin: activity against C. albicans, and Gram-negative antibiotic activity against S. aureus and E. coli; membranoids: activity against the leishmaniasis | [123,124] |
| darwinolide (63), tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1 (65), membranolide (66), glaciolides (67–68), cadlinolide C (69), dendrillin A (70), B (71), C (72), D (73) and semisynthetic derivatives (74–76) | oxidized diterpenoids | Darwinolide: selectivity against the biofilm phase of MRSA compared to the planktonic phase; membranolide: activity against MRSA; dendrillin B: activity against L. donovani; 76, activity against Plasmodium falciparum | [125,126] | ||
| 9-11-dihydrogracilin A (64) | oxidized diterpenoid | Immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory activity in human cell lines | [127] | ||
| Geodia baretti | North Sea off the coast of Sweden and the northern coast of Iceland (Arctic Ocean) | barettin and the geobarrettins | diketopiperazine (likely produced by a symbiont) | Moderate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities | [53] |
| [128] | |||||
| [129] | |||||
| Haliclona viscosa | Svalbard Archipelago (Arctic Ocean) | viscosamine | 3-alkyl pyridinium alkaloids | Antibiotic activity against four separate sympatric bacterial strains | [130] |
| viscosaline | [131] | ||||
| Kirkpatrickia variolosa | Antarctica | variolins A-D (B most active) | pyridopyrrolopyrimidine | Cytotoxic activity against P388 murine leukemia cell line | [132] |
| [133] | |||||
| Latrunculia sp. | Aleutian Islands, Alaska (also found in Antarctic specimens) | discorhabdins A, C, R, dihydrodiscorhabdin B | spirocyclic imino-quinones | Anti-HCV (Hepatitis C virus) activity, antimalarial activity and selective antimicrobial activity against MRSA, Mycobacterium intracellulare and M. tuberculosis. | [134] |
| Antiprotozoal activity in vitro (P. falciparum) | |||||
| Weddell Sea (Antarctica) | tsitsikammamines | pyrroloiminoquinones | Anticancer and cytotoxic activities |
[57] | |
| Lyssodendoryx flabellata | Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica) | terpioside | glycosphingolipid | Inhibition effect in mixed lymphocyte reactions on human cells | [135] |
| Mycale acerata | Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica) | mycalol | alkyl glyceryl ether lipid | Activity against human thyroid carcinoma cells | [136] |
| Plakortis simplex | Sula Ridge Reef, Norwegian Shelf (sub Arctic) |
methyl 2-((3R,6S)-4,6-diethyl-6-hexyl-3,6-dihydro-1,2-dioxin- 3-yl)acetate |
cyclic peroxide (fatty acids) |
Selectively inhibited proliferation in gastric cancer (GXF 251L), non-small cell lung cancer (LXFL 529L) and melanoma (MEXF 462NL) cell lines. | [137] |
| Polymastia boletiformis | Norwegian coast, Western Irish Coast (sub Arctic) | polymastiamide A (117), B, C, D, E, F | sulfated steroid-amino acid conjugates | Polymastiamide A: antifungal activity against plant pathogens Cladosporium cucumerinum and Pythium ultimum and human yeast pathogen C. albicans | [138] |
| Polymastiamide A: antibacterial activity against S. aureus | [139] | ||||
| [140] | |||||
| Stryphus fortis | Spitsbergen, Svalbard, (Arctic Ocean) | ianthelline | bromotyrosine derivative | Antitumor properties against several malignant cell lines and inhibition of PK activity | [141] |
| Suberites sp. | King George Isalnd, McMurdo Sound (Antarctica) | suberitenones A (77), B (78) | oxidized sesterterpenoids | Inhibition of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) | [142] |
| TUNICATES | |||||
| Plylum Chordata | |||||
| Class Ascidiacea | |||||
| Aplidium meridianum | South Georgia Islands (Antarctica) | meridianins | brominated 3-(2-aminopyrimidine)indoles | Prevention of cell proliferation and induction of cell apoptosis. Inhibition of CDKs, GSK-3, PKA and other kinases in the low micromolar range | [143] |
| Aplidium sp. | Ross Sea (Antarctica) | rossinones A (122), B (123) | meroterpenoids | Antiproliferative activity against several cell lines. Antiviral activity against the DNA virus HSV-1 as well as antibacterial and antifungal activity against B. subtilis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes | [144] |
| Clavelina lepadiformis | Bergen, Norway | lepadins | decahydroquinoline alkaloid | Lepadin A: anti-cancer activity against leukemia P388, breast cancer (MCF7), glioblastoma/astrocytoma (U373), ovarian (HEY), colon (LoVo) and lung (A549) | [145] |
| [146] | |||||
| Synoicum adareanum | Anvers Island (Antarctica) | palmerolides A–G | enamide-bearing macrolides | Palmerolide A: Activity against melanoma (UACC-62 LC50), by inhibition of vacuolar ATPase- | [147] |
| [148] | |||||
| hyousterones A (107), B, C (108), D, abeohyousterone (109) | ecdysteroids | Activity against colon cancer cells | [149] | ||
| Synoicum pulmonaria | Tromso, Northern Norway (Arctic Ocean) |
synoxazolidinones A-C | brominated guanidinium oxazolidinones | Antibacterial activity against MSSA, MRSA and Corynebacterium glutamicum as well as antifungal properties against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Active against human melanoma (A2058), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and colon carcinoma (HT-29) cell line, with noted cytoxicity | [150] |
| [151] | |||||
| pulmonarins A, B | brominated methoxybenzoylesters bearing quaternary ammonium mioeties | Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and weak antibacterial activity against C. glutamicum | [152] | ||
| MACROALGAE | |||||
| Plylum Rhodophyta | |||||
| Class Florideophyceae | |||||
| Delisea fimbriata and pulchra | Anvers Island (Antarctica) | fimbrolides and analogues | polyhalogenated furanones | Antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans and Streptococcus sp. | [153] |
| Plocamium cartilagineum | Anvers Island (Antarctica) | oregonene (1) and similar compounds (2–4), anverenes A (5), B (6), C (7), D (8), E (9) | polyhalogenated monoterpenes | Cytotoxic activity against cervical cancer cells | [154] |
| Plylum Ochrophyta | |||||
| Class Phaeophyceae | |||||
| Desmarestia menziesii | Anvers Island (Antarctica) | Menzoquinone (124) | terpenoid-quinone | Antimicrobial activity against MRSA, MSSA, VREF | [155] |
* Natural compounds with no bioactivity tested.