Table 1.
Cargo molecules in EVs from various types of cells and effects of cargo molecules on pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs).
| Cargo | Source of EVs | Type of Study | Major Function of Cargo Molecules | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| miRNAs | ||||
| miRNA-10a-5p | CAFs isolated from human pancreatic cancer tissues | In vitro | Support the aggressiveness of PANC-1 and SW1990 cells | [64] |
| miRNA-21 | PSCs (human PSC21-S/T cell line), CAFs (human CAF-19 cell line) | In vitro | Reinforce the proliferation, migration and EMT process of PANC-1 and SUIT-2 cells; augment clonogenicity and sphere formation of Colo-357 cells | [66,67] |
| miRNA-23b-3p | PCCs (human PANC-1 cells) | In vitro | Increase the proliferation, migration and invasion of PANC-1 cells | [11] |
| miRNA-106-5p | CAFs isolated from human pancreatic cancer tissues | In vitro | Confer gemcitabine resistance in AsPC-1 cells | [68] |
| miRNA-155 | PCCs (gemcitabine-treated human MIAPaCa-2 and Colo-357 cells, gemcitabine-resistant human PANC-1 cells) | In vitro, In vivo | Inhibit gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in MIAPaCa-2 and Colo-357 cells in vitro; confer gemcitabine resistance in PANC-1 cells in vivo | [15,16] |
| miRNA-194-5p | Irradiated human PANC-1 and SW1990 cells | In vitro, In vivo | Augment the survival of SW1990 cells following radiation in vitro | [20] |
| miRNA-210 | CSCs derived from gemcitabine-resistant human BxPC-3 cells | In vitro, In vivo | Inhibit gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells in vitro; confer gemcitabine resistance in BxPC-3 cells in vivo | [88] |
| miRNA-221 | CAFs (human CAF-19 cell line), PSCs isolated from human pancreatic cancer tissues | In vitro | Stimulate the clonogenicity and sphere formation of Colo-357 cells | [66] |
| miRNA-222 | PCCs (human Hs 766 T-L3 cells) | In vitro, In vivo | Enhance the proliferation, migration and invasion of CAPAN-1 and Hs 766 T-L3 cells in vitro; promote cancer progression in vivo | [12] |
| miRNA-365 | TAMs (M2-polarized murine peritoneal macrophages) | In vitro, In vivo | Attenuate the gemcitabine efficacy in K989 murine cells | [76] |
| miRNA-501-3p | TAMs (M2-polarized human THP-1 cells) | In vitro, In vivo | Enhance the migration and invasion of PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells in vitro; promote cancer growth and metastasis in vivo | [80] |
| miRNA-5703 | PSCs isolated from human pancreatic cancer tissues | In vitro | Promote the proliferation of Patu8988 and T3M4 cells | [73] |
| Other non-coding RNAs | ||||
| Circ-PDE8A | PCCs (human Hs 766 T-L2 cells) | In vitro, In vivo | Facilitate the invasion of BxPC-3 and CAPAN-1 cells in vitro; enhance liver metastasis in vivo | [24] |
| LncRNA-HULC | PCCs (human PANC-1 cells) | In vitro, In vivo | Trigger migration, invasion and EMT process in PANC-1 and MIAPaCa-2 cells in vitro; promote cancer progression in vivo | [30] |
| LncRNA-SBF2-AS1 | TAMs (M2-polarized human THP-1 cells) | In vitro, In vivo | Enhance the proliferation, migration and invasion of PANC-1 cells in vitro; force the tumorigenic ability of PANC-1 cells in vivo | [81] |
| LncRNA-SOX2OT | PCCs (human Hs 766 T and Hs 766 T-L2 cells) | In vitro, In vivo | Promote EMT and stemness in Hs 766 T cells in vitro; trigger EMT, stemness and metastasis in vivo | [33] |
| mRNAs | ||||
| CAT and SOD2 | PCCs (gemcitabine-treated human MIAPaCa-2 and Colo-357 cells) | In vitro | Protect cell death induced by ROS in gemcitabine-treated MIAPaCa-2 cells | [16] |
| SNAI1 | CAFs isolated from human pancreatic cancer tissues | In vitro | Promote the proliferation and gemcitabine resistance in AsPC-1 cells | [75] |
| Proteins | ||||
| AEP | PCCs (human BxPC-3 cells) | In vitro | Aggravate the invasion ability of BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 cells | [38] |
| ANXA1 | PCCs (human MIAPaCa-2 cells) | In vitro | Facilitate the EMT, migration and invasion in MIAPaCa-2 cells | [43] |
| EphA2 | PCCs (gemcitabine-resistant human PANC-1 cells) | In vitro | Develop gemcitabine resistance in MIAPaCa-2 and BxPC-3 cells | [48] |
| Lin28B | PCCs (human PANC-1 and MIAPaCa-2 cells) | In vitro, In vivo | Increase the levels of PDGF in PANC-1 and MIAPaCa-2 cells, ultimately enhancing PSCs recruitment to the metastatic site | [52] |
| ZIP4 | PCCs (hamster PC-1.0 cells) | In vitro, In vivo | Promote the proliferation and migration of PC-1.0 cells in vitro; enhance the growth of cancer in vivo | [59] |
Abbreviations: AEP: Asparaginyl endopeptidase; ANXA1: Annexin A1; CAFs: Cancer-associated fibroblasts; CAT: Catalase; CSCs: Cancer stem cells; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; EphA2: Ephrin type-A receptor 2; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; Lin28B: Lin-28 homolog B; MiRNA: MicroRNA; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; PSCs: Pancreatic stellate cells; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SNAI1: Snail family transcriptional repressor 1; SOD2: Superoxide dismutase 2; TAMs: Tumor-associated macrophages; ZIP4: Zrt- and Irt-like protein 4.