Table 2.
Cargo molecules in PCC-derived EVs and their influences on the other cell types in cancer microenvironment and metastatic lesion.
| Cargo | Source of EVs | Type of Study | Major Function of Cargo Molecules | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| miRNAs | ||||
| miRNA-27a | PCCs (human PANC-1 cells) | In vitro, In vivo | Enhance the proliferation, invasion and survival of human endothelial cells in vitro; promote cancer growth and angiogenesis in vivo | [91] |
| miRNA-155 | PCCs (human BxPC-3 and SW1990 cells) | In vitro | Participate in the conversion from primary mouse fibroblasts to CAFs phenotypes | [110] |
| miRNA-203 | PCCs (human PANC-1 cells) | In vitro | Interrupt the maturation of human dendritic cells | [133] |
| miRNA-212-3p | PCCs (human PANC-1 cells) | In vitro | Repress the levels of MHC class II in human dendritic cells | [134] |
| miRNA-301a | Hypoxic PCCs (human PANC-1 cells) | In vitro, In vivo | Convert human bone marrow–derived macrophages into M2 types in vitro; facilitate lung metastasis in vivo | [125] |
| miRNA-1290 | PCCs (human PANC-1 cells) | In vitro | Activate human primary stellate cells; induce fibrogenic genes | [118] |
| Non-coding RNA | ||||
| Circ-IARS | PCCs (human Hs 766 T and Hs 766 T-L2 cells) | In vitro, In vivo | Disrupt the barrier integrity of human endothelial cells in vitro; promote invasion and metastasis in vivo | [97] |
| Proteins | ||||
| ANXA1 | PCCs (human MIAPaCa-2 cells) | In vitro | Mediate VEGF-induced migration and formation of the tube structure in human endothelial cells | [43] |
| Ezrin | PCCs (PC080 and PC084 cells derived from human pancreatic cancer tissues) | In vitro, In vivo | Promote M2 polarization of THP-1/U937-derived macrophages in vitro; facilitate liver metastasis along with a high M2/M1 ratio in vivo | [128] |
| KRAS G12D | Ferroptotic dying PCCs (human PANC-1 and AsPC-1 cells, primary PCCs from human pancreatic cancer tissues) | In vitro, In vivo | Promote M2 polarization of human mononuclear cell-derived macrophages in vitro; macrophage-mediated cancer growth is retarded by blocking KRAS G12D release and uptake in vivo | [130] |
| MIF | PCCs (murine PAN02 cells) | In vitro, In vivo | Activate human Kupffer cells in vitro; enhance the formation of liver pre-metastatic niche in vivo | [120] |
| Myoferlin | PCCs (human BxPC-3 cells) | In vitro | Enhance the proliferation and migration of human endothelial cells | [104] |
| Podocalyxin | PCCs isolated from human pancreatic cancer tissues | In vitro | Contribute to the generation of pro-invasive niche via regulating the migration of immortalized human dermal fibroblasts | [115] |
| Tissue Factor | PCCs (human BxPC-3 and CAPAN-1 cells) | In vitro | Activate human endothelial cells by upregulating E-selectin and IL-8 levels in a PAR-1 dependent manner | [109] |
Abbreviations: ANXA1: Annexin A1; CAFs: Cancer-associated fibroblasts; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; IL-8: Interleukin-8; MHC class II: Major histocompatibility complex class II; MIF: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MiRNA: MicroRNA; PAR-1: Protease-activated receptor 1; PCCs: Pancreatic cancer cells; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.