Table 1.

Application of biopolymeric nanocarriers for encapsulation of carotenoids.

Nanocarriers	Carotenoids	Results and Benefits	References
Chitosan-glycolipid hybrid nanogels	Fucoxanthin	The bioavailability of fucoxanthin from chitosan-glycolipid hybrid nanogels was the highest compared to chitosan nanogels without glycolipid, mixture of fucoxanthin with glycolipid and control groups. Enhanced stability and bioavailability by nanoencapsulation.	[120]
		The low cell viability significantly at nanoencapsulated fucoxanthin compared to without using glycolipid and induced apoptosis in Caco-2 cells and suppressed ROS production.	[121]
PEG biodegradable coated nanoparticles		Approximately 82% fucoxanthin encapsulation and a higher antioxidant activity significantly than sunflower oil and trolox.	[122]
Casein nanoparticles and chitosan-coated nanoparticles		Increased retention and adsorption and two-fold higher absorption to the blood circulation than non-coated nanoparticles.	[110]
Potato protein-based polymeric nanoparticles	Astaxanthin	~80% simulated gastric and intestinal digestion and 11 times higher bioavailability compared to unencapsulated astaxanthin.	[122]