Table 3.

Application of emulsion-based systems for encapsulation of different carotenoids.

Nanocarriers	Carotenoids	Results and Benefits	References
Nanoemulsion	Astaxanthin	A good long-term stability was shown against droplet growth during 15 days of storage at various temperatures and the nanoemulsions were stable without droplet coalescence against thermal treatment.	[137]
		Emulsifiers (modified lecithin (ML) and sodium caseinate (SC)) effectively stabilized the nanoemulsions and higher bioaccessibility was observed in ML-stabilized nanoemulsions.	[138]
		The greater bioaccessibility compared to free nanoemulsions and greater solubility.	[139]
		Optimum formulation components and conditions was selected that 2% w/w astaxanthin and 4% w/w surfactant at 9000 rpm prehomogenization speed (~5 min) for 90 days.	[140]
		Increased the bioavailability of astaxanthin.	[141]
	Lutein	Increased the physicochemical stability of lutein with coating and higher in vitro bioaccessibility and chemical stability with nanoemulsions.	[117]
Phospholipid-Chitosan vesicles (chitosomes)		Convenient water dispersibility and enhanced stability compared to free lutein.	[142]
	β-carotene Lutein Lycopene	Combination with chitosan with electrostatic attraction onto the membrane surface successfully Improved stability and controlled release of carotenoids by chitosomes.	[141]