Table 2.
Descriptive analysis of the included clinical studies.
| Population | Intervention | Outcomes and Measurements | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bickmore et al., 2013 [21] | EG = 132 cases (age 71.7 ± 5.6 years) CG = 131 controls (age 70.8 ± 5.2 years) |
EG was provided with touch screens tablet to use for 2 months connected with pedometers, that communicate through an animated virtual coach to discuss walking and setting goals. | Primary outcome: Average daily steps for 30 days before the 12-month interview Secondary outcome: Average daily steps for 30 days before the 2-month interview Outcomes were stratified according to health literacy level. |
Primary outcome: p = 0.09 p = 0.02 (with adequate health literacy) Secondary outcome: p = 0.01 p = 0.03 (with adequate health literacy) |
| Mc Donald et al., 2012 [22] | EG = 8 cases with osteoarthritis pain (age 69.9 ± 7.4 years) CG = 10 controls with osteoarthritis pain (age 66.7 ± 4.3) |
All participants viewed the pain communication videotape. EG practiced talking about osteoarthritis pain with the virtual pain coach | Primary outcomes: Pain intensity Pain interference with activities Depressive symptoms At baseline and 1 month later, between and within groups |
Primary outcomes: p = 0.72 (between groups) p = 0.017 (within EG in depressive symptoms) |
| Tabak et al., 2014 [23] | EG = 12 cases with COPD (age 64.1 ± 9.0 years) CG = 12 controls with COPD (age 62.8 ± 7.4 years) |
4 modules: 1. Activity coach for ambulant activity monitoring and real-time coaching of daily activity behavior; 2. Web-based exercise program for home exercising; 3. Self-management of COPD exacerbations; 4. Teleconsultation. | Primary outcomes: Client Satisfaction Questionnaire 8 |
Primary outcomes: Satisfaction with received care was 26.4 for the telehealth group and 30.4 (1.5) for the usual-care group after 1 month. After 3 months, this was 26.3 for the telehealth group and 29.9 for the usual-care group. |
| Ritchie et al., 2012 [24] | EG = 233 cases with CHF/COPD (age 63.0 ± 12.1 years) CG = 245 controls with CHF/COPD (age 63.8 ± 12.8 years) |
E-Coach: intervention with condition-specific customization and in-hospital and post-discharge support by a CTN, interactive voice response post-discharge calls, and CTN follow-up versus usual post-discharge care. | Primary outcome: 30-days rehospitalization Secondary outcomes: Rehospitalization/death Community tenure |
Primary outcome HR (95%CI): CHF: 1.14 (0.67 1.96) COPD: 0.56 (0.23 1.38) Secondary outcome: Rehospitalization/death: HR (95%CI) CHF: 1.03 (0.6 −1.8) COPD: 0.44 (0.2 −1.2) Community tenure: Beta(95%CI) CHF: −0.11 (−1.0 −0.9) COPD: 1.12 (1.11 −2.12) |
| Andrade et al., 2014 [25] | EG = 22 cases with OAB (age 62.41 ± 7.25 years) CG = 19 controls with OAB (age 60.68 ± 5.30 years) |
EG: self-management program with a generic avatar coach with a self-avatar peer mentor. CG: identical online program with voice only. |
Primary outcome: Quality of life (HRQoL) Secondary outcomes: Perception of bladder condition (PPBC) OAB symptoms Self-efficacy |
Primary outcome: HRQoL p = 0.02 Secondary outcomes: PPBC p = 0.63 OAB symptoms p = 0.75 Self-efficacy p = 0.99 |
| Broadbent et al., 2018 [26] | EG = 30 cases with COPD (age 69.10 ± 9.85) CG = 30 controls with COPD (age 70.57 ± 10.34) |
EG received a robot at home for 4 months in addition to usual care. CG received standard care alone. |
Primary outcome: Number of days of hospitalization. Secondary outcome: Medication adherence Frequency of rehabilitation exercise Quality of life using CCQ |
Primary outcome: p = 0.9 Secondary outcomes: Medication adherence: p = 0.04 Frequency of rehabilitation exercise: p = 0.001 CCQ: p = 0.35 |
| Broekhuizen et al., 2016 [27] | EG = 119 cases (age 64.7 ± 3.0) CG = 116 controls (age 64.9 ± 2.8) |
EG used internet program with monitoring and feedback by accelerometry and feedback by digital coaching (messages, e-mail). CG received no intervention. |
Primary outcomes: Quality of life (RAND-36) Physical activity between and within groups |
Primary outcomes: Between groups RAND-36: p = 0.03 Physical activity: p = 0.01 Primary outcomes: Within EG RAND-36: p = 0.009 Physical activity: p = 0.004 |
| Tabak et al., 2013 [28] | EG = 14 cases (age 65.2 ± 9.0) CG = 11 controls (age 67.9 ± 5.7) |
EG: activity coach for ambulant activity registration and real-time feedback for 4 weeks. CG: usual care |
Primary outcomes: Activity level (step/day) Health status (CCQ) between and within groups |
Primary outcomes: Between groups Activity level: p = 0.48 CCQ: p = 0.1 Primary outcomes: Within EG Activity level: p = 0.38 CCQ: p = 0.03 |
EG: experimental group; CG: control group; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 6MWT: 6-min walking test; CCQ: clinical COPD questionnaire; MFI: multidimensional fatigue inventory; EQ-5D: EuroQol; BPAQ: Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire; IMA: integrated modulus of body acceleration; CHF/COPD: heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTN: care transition nurse; OAB: Overactive bladder; HRQoL: health-related quality of life; CCQ: Clinical COPD questionnaire; TOFHLA: Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults; RAND-36: Research and development 36-item health survey.