Table 5.
Overview of Health-EDRM Primary Prevention Approaches against VBDs in the Reviewed Articles, Categorised by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) Levels of Evidence. (Please see Table S1 for details.).
| Category | Intervention | Number of Reviewed Articles under Each Category in the OCEBM Levels of Evidence | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1a | 1b | 1c | 2a | 2b | 2c | 3a | 3b | 4 | 5 | Others * | Total | ||
| Personal Protection Practices | Wear Protective Clothing When Outdoors | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 14 |
| Avoid Heading Outdoors to Vector-Prone Areas and During Peak Biting Conditions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 4 | 23 | |
| Apply Insect Repellent | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 5 | 17 | |
| Sleep Under Bed Nets | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 22 | |
| Receive Prophylactic Vaccinations and Chemoprophylaxis | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 20 | |
| Environmental Management Practices | Use Insect-Killing Traps | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 14 |
| Manage Stagnant Water Appropriately | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 15 | |
| Manage Waste Appropriately | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 9 | |
| Customary Household Practices | Minimise Household Entry Points | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 18 |
| Cover Exposed Foodstuffs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 7 | |
| Total | 4 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 27 | 72 | 32 | 159 ** | |
* ‘Others’ includes but is not limited to news articles or releases, books, textbooks, position papers, guidelines, case reports and organisational reports.** Of the 134 publications reviewed, some included findings on more than one primary prevention measure, and are counted more than once in Table 5.