Table 1.

Effect on rumenic, vaccenic, linoleic, and alpha linolenic acid milk concentrations in sheep and goats fed a linseed supplementation. Data are reported as the proportional difference between the supplemented group, at the respective dose, and the non-supplemented control group, with dose 0.

Species	Dose	Form 2	Fat/d	Milk Fatty Acids (%) 1					References
				RA	VA	LA	ALA	n6/n3
Goats	100 g/d	EL	17 g/d	52	76	3	78	−42	[35]
	200 g/d	EL	34 g/d	67	99	3	120	−53	[35]
	160 g/d	EL	56 g/d	112	148	13	132	−86	[56]
	200 g/d	EL + P	70 g/d	55	100	1	145	−59	[36]
	47 g/d	Oil	47 g/d	100	26	12	98	−44	[57]
	360 + 40 g/d	EL	126 g/d	103	187	5	288	−73	[58]
	3.4% DMI 3	Oil	102 g/d	133	190	0	325	−76	[30]
	130 g/d 4	Oil	130 g/d	300	439	−38	11	−44	[59]
	130 g/d 5	Oil	130 g/d	213	358	−21	263	−78	[59]
	511 g/d	EL	197 g/d	690	1268	−9	415	−82	[60]
	30 g/d 6	Oil	30 g/d	48	75	−2	89	−48	[61]
	30 g/d 7	Oil	30 g/d	135	183	−13	102	−57	[61]
Sheep	210 g/d	EL	79 g/d	50	67	52	100	−31	[62]
	200 g/d	EL	70 g/d	213	294	11	153	−56	[63]
	100 g/d	EL + P	–	28	42	245	48	134	[64]
	63−70 g/d	Oil	63 g/d	308	447	−12	106	−57	[65]
	29 g/d	EL	11 g/d	9	30	0	14	−13	[66]
	58 g/d	EL	22 g/d	18	65	9	21	−10	[66]
	84 g/d	EL	32 g/d	73	83	9	43	−24	[66]
	210 g/d	EL	74 g/d	247	273	0	168	−63	[67]
	55 g/d	Oil	55 g/d	239	251	−6	103	−54	[68]
	128 g/d	Oil	45 g/d	141	256	−25	202	−75	[69]
	200 g/d	EL	70 g/d	74.84	122	−3	43	−33	[70]

¹ RA = rumenic acid (c9,t11-CLA); VA = vaccenic acid (C18:1 t11); LA = linoleic acid (C18:2n6); ALA = α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3). ² EL = extruded linseed; p = pasture. ³ DMI = dry matter intake. ⁴ control and treatment diets based on natural grassland hay. ⁵ control and treatment diets based on maize silage. ⁶ control and treatment diets characterized by high starch concentrate. ⁷ control and treatment diets characterized by high neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrate.