Table 5.
Associations between first-year antibiotics exposure and childhood asthma, allergies, and airway illnesses, among children without lifetime-ever pneumonia.
| Illness | OR, 95% CI (p-Value) | Adjusted OR a, 95% CI (p-Value) |
|---|---|---|
| Lifetime-ever | ||
| Croup | 1.59, 1.26–2.00 (<0.001) | 1.38, 1.04–1.84 (0.027) |
| Asthma | 1.49, 1.21–1.85 (<0.001) | 1.31, 0.99–1.73 (0.057) |
| Ear infections | 1.34, 1.13–1.60 (0.001) | 1.24, 0.99–1.55 (0.058) |
| Allergic rhinitis | 1.46, 1.22–1.74 (<0.001) | 1.42, 1.13–1.78 (0.003) |
| Food allergy | 1.46, 1.24–1.68 (<0.001) | 1.42, 1.18–1.72 (<0.001) |
| Atopic dermatitis | 1.37, 1.20–1.57 (<0.001) | 1.30, 1.10–1.54 (0.003) |
| Wheeze | 1.51, 1.33–1.71 (<0.001) | 1.46, 1.24–1.71 (<0.001) |
| Rhinitis symptoms | 1.07, 0.96–1.20 (0.211) | 0.99, 0.86–1.15 (0.932) |
| Current (one year before the survey) | ||
| Common cold (≥3 times) | 1.43, 1.21–1.68 (<0.001) | 1.42, 1.16–1.74 (0.001) |
| Atopic dermatitis | 2.15, 1.23–3.78 (0.008) | 1.21, 1.01–1.45 (0.036) |
| Dry cough | 1.40, 1.22–1.61 (<0.001) | 1.33, 1.12–1.59 (0.001) |
| Wheeze | 1.14, 1.02–1.28 (0.021) | 1.07, 0.92–1.23 (0.399) |
| Rhinitis symptoms | 1.48, 1.32–1.66 (<0.001) | 1.40, 1.22–1.62 (<0.001) |
| Lifetime-ever + Current | ||
| Asthma + current wheeze b | 1.72, 1.34–2.21 (<0.001) | 1.57, 1.17–2.10 (0.003) |
| Asthma + no current wheeze b | 1.22, 0.83–1.80 (0.316) | 1.07, 0.67–1.70 (0.788) |
| No asthma + current wheeze b | 1.31, 1.12–1.53 (0.001) | 1.22, 1.01–1.46 (0.036) |
| Allergic rhinitis + current rhinitis c | 1.58, 1.30–1.93 (<0.001) | 1.37, 1.08–1.74 (0.011) |
| Allergic rhinitis + no current rhinitis c | 1.23, 0.82–1.85 (0.325) | 0.88, 0.53–1.46 (0.614) |
| No allergic rhinitis + current rhinitis c | 1.06, 0.93–1.20 (0.376) | 0.95, 0.82–1.10 (0.482) |
a Adjusted for the child’s age, sex, district, family history of atopy, breastfeeding, early home decoration, first-year pet-keeping, first-year environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and first-year home dampness-related exposures. b The reference group was children with no asthma and no current wheeze. c The reference group was children with no allergic rhinitis and no current rhinitis symptoms.