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Standards of carboxylic acids compared to a formose solution using proton NMR. Standards are at 10 mM in a pH 7.5 solution with DSS and D2O. Spectra (A–C) represent standard glycolic acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid, respectively. The magnified spectrum (D) represents a formose reaction run at pH 12.5 and 120 °C catalyzed using Ca2+. Formose solution was titrated with HCl down to a pH of 7.5 after autoclaving and cooling down to room temperature.
