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Reaction scheme for the formation of glycolic and lactic acids. (A) Glycolaldehyde is transformed into glycolic acid by a base-catalyzed Cannizzaro reaction with an additional small aldehyde, for example, formaldehyde or a second equivalent of glycolaldehyde. (B) Fructose is transformed into lactic acid by a retroaldol reaction followed by a benzillic acid rearrangement.
