Table 3.

Composition and antioxidant capacity of milk from lactating buffaloes fed diets containing flaxseed oil and/or vitamin E.

	No Flaxseed Oil		With Flaxseed Oil		SEM	p Value 1
	No Vit. E	With Vit. E	No Vit. E	With Vit. E		Oil	Vit. E	Interaction
Density (g/mL)	1.0318	1.0313	1.0325	1.0321	<0.001	0.02	0.82	0.45
Milk yield (kg/day)
Actual	6.53	5.88	6.91	6.96	0.540	0.18	0.55	0.50
4% Fat-corrected 2	8.86	8.40	8.77	9.18	0.678	0.66	0.97	0.58
Energy-corrected 3	9.39	8.83	9.44	9.82	0.727	0.51	0.91	0.55
Yield (kg/day)
Fat	0.42	0.40	0.40	0.43	0.031	0.93	0.88	0.62
Protein	0.26	0.23	0.28	0.28	0.022	0.12	0.60	0.45
Lactose	0.32	0.29	0.34	0.35	0.026	0.12	0.64	0.43
Defatted dry extract	0.62	0.57	0.67	0.68	0.052	0.11	0.60	0.45
Total solids	1.04	0.97	1.070	1.11	0.082	0.32	0.82	0.51
Concentration (g/kg)
Fat	64.84	68.20	59.24	61.23	1.672	0.04	0.29	0.77
Protein	39.89	39.83	40.07	40.42	0.114	0.18	0.59	0.45
Lactose	48.96	48.83	49.21	49.92	0.181	0.13	0.48	0.31
Defatted dry extract	96.13	95.88	96.88	97.78	0.323	0.11	0.67	0.45
Total solids	161.0	164.1	156.1	159.0	1.645	0.08	0.25	0.96
Antioxidants
Reducing power 4	20.67	22.50	19.29	27.71	1.239	0.25	0.01	0.07
TAC (TE µM/L)	236.6	222.2	230.1	249.9	5.780	0.23	0.75	0.07
Oxidation products
TBARS (MDA mg/L)	27.69	24.73	39.15	28.59	0.337	< 0.01	0.02	0.13
CD (mmol/kg fat)	20.34	24.37	42.20	38.85	2.665	< 0.01	0.87	0.12

¹ Probability of significant factorial effects. Effects tested were as follows: Oil = flaxseed oil supplementation; Vit. E = vitamin E supplementation; Interaction = interaction between flaxseed oil and vitamin E. ² 4% fat-corrected (kg/d) = (0.4 × milk yield (kg/d)) + (15.0 × fat yield (kg/d)) [15]; ³ ECM (kg/d) = (0.327 × kg of milk) + (12.95 × kg of fat) + (7.2 × kg of protein) [33]; ⁴ expressed as gallic acid equivalents (mg/L). ECM = energy-corrected milk; TAC = total antioxidant capacity; TE = Trolox equivalents; TBARS = thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; MDA = malonaldehyde; CD = conjugated diene hydroperoxides.