Table 2.

The effect of gycerol administration on concentrations of blood glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in cows.

Purity/Method of Administration	Dose	Experimental Design (Time of Use)	Time of Sampling or Day	Glucose (mmol/L)	Insulin (µIU/mL)	NEFA (μEq/L)	BHBA (mmol/L)	Reference
Glycerol, 80.2%/topdressing	Control	Holstein cows 14 d prepartum to 21 d postpartum	21 d postpartum, 4 h after feeding	3.70	11.65	624	0.24	DeFrain et al. [8]
	0.43 glycerol kg/d			3.50	12.20	639	0.34
	0.86 glycerol kg/d			3.32	12.28	495	0.29
Dry glycerol/topdressing in TMR	Control	From first 3 weeks of lactation	2 h after the morning feeding on 4, 7, 14, and 21 d of parturition	3.07	5.18	349	0.89	Chung et al. [61]
	250 g/d (162.5 g of glycerol/d)			3.08	4.75	371	0.83
Crude glycerol (82.6%)/oral drench	Control	Primiparous Holstein dairy cows 4 to 21 of lactation	Before the administration of glycerol (data 3 period aplication)	4.73	6.28	634	0.63	Kass et al. [58]
	glycerol 500 mL/d			4.63	5.49	702	0.88
Crude glycerol (82.6%)/topdressed with corn silage	Control	Cannulated multiparous Holstein cows (114 ± 29 DIM), 3 weak	2 h after morning feeding) on d 21	3.53	-	-	-	Ezequiel et al. [64]
	15% of DM			4.24
	30% og DM			3.75
Glycerol (≥99.5 %)/One bolus infusion per d in cranial reticulorumen.	300 mL of PGl	Cannulated multiparous Holstein cows (22 ± 5 DIM)	4 days. Blood samples before infusion and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, 180, 240 min, and 24 h postinfusion. (Present date maximum value—baseline value).	2.86	1.73	484	17.6	Piantoni and Allen [22]
	300 mL of G			2.86	1.66	501	16.8
	600 mL of G			2.88	1.52	599	14.9
	300 mL of G + 300 mL of PG			2.93	1.39	536	13.5

G—glycol; PG—propylene glycol.