Table 1.

Representative therapy strategies for targeting lncRNAs.

Strategy	Chemistry	Mechanism of Action	Refs
Down-regulation	ASO gapmers	An ASO consists of a central DNA region flanked by modified nucleotides; the DNA-RNA hybrid recruits ribonuclease H and promotes degradation of target mRNA	[12]
	siRNA	siRNA gets incorporated into other proteins to form the RISC; siRNA is unwound and find a complementary mRNA and RISC induces mRNA cleavage	[66]
	shRNA	Ribonuclease protein Dicer binds and cleaves shRNA into siRNA; siRNA gets incorporated into other proteins to form the RISC; siRNA is unwound and find a complementary mRNA and RISC induces mRNA cleavage	[66]
Up-regulation	Adeno-associated virus	Insert the full length of lncRNAs into vectors; target cells uptake these vectors and up-regulates lncRNA expression	[8,62,156]

ASO, antisense oligonucleotide; siRNA, small interfering RNA; shRNA, short hairpin RNA; RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex.