. 2020 Jul 30;10(8):1307. doi: 10.3390/ani10081307

Table 5.

Rumen concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA: mmol/L) and lactate (mol/L) during dietary adaptation to either herbage and fodder beet bulb (FBH) or herbage-only (HO) diets.

Adaptation Stage ¹	1		SE ²	2		SE	3		SE	p-Value
Diet	HO	FBH	SE ²	HO	FBH	SE	HO	FBH	SE	Diet	Day	Time	Period	D × D × T ⁵
Lactate (mol/L)	0.94 ^a	2.60 ^a	1.851	3.20 ^a	84.7^c	27.0	0.70 ^a	4.35 ^b	2.212	**	***	***	**	***
Ammonia (mmol/L)	4.58 ^a	4.04 ^a	0.368	3.42 ^c	2.28 ^b	0.270	3.59 ^c	1.53 ^b	0.231	**	***	***	0.07	*
tVFA ³ (mmol/L)	117 ^a	118 ^a	2.5	119 ^a	103 ^b	2.6	118 ^a	107 ^b	2.6	***	*	***	*	0.81
Molar Proportions
Acetate	60.8 ^a	59 ^b	0.31	60.5 ^a	55.0 ^b	0.28	63.3 ^a	56.5 ^b	0.29	***	***	***	**	***
Propionate	21.1 ^a	21.5 ^a	0.22	21.2 ^a	20.6 ^b	0.22	20.0 ^b	19.8 ^c	0.21	***	*	***	0.64	*
Iso -butyrate	0.73 ^a	0.78 ^b	0.013	0.72 ^a	0.50 ^c	0.011	0.71 ^a	0.55 ^c	0.011	***	***	***	***	***
Butyrate	13.3 ^a	14.2 ^b	0.20	14.0 ^b	17.6 ^d	0.21	12.7 ^e	15.4 ^c	0.19	***	***	***	0.42	**
Iso-valerate	1.06 ^a	1.13 ^ab	0.027	1.05 ^a	0.68 ^b	0.020	1.05 ^a	0.59 ^b	0.019	***	***	***	0.48	***
Valerate	1.46 ^a	1.32 ^ab	0.050	1.35 ^a	2.38 ^b	0.070	1.43 ^a	1.25 ^c	0.073	***	***	***	0.71	1.00
Hexanoic	0.55 ^a	0.60 ^a	0.019	0.53 ^a	0.82 ^b	0.023	0.50 ^a	0.88 ^c	0.023	***	***	***	*	0.16
A + B/P ⁴	3.54 ^a	3.47 ^a	0.058	3.49 ^a	3.62 ^ab	0.062	3.8 1^b	3.81 ^b	0.067	0.66	***	***	**	0.06

^a–e means in the same row with different superscripts differ (p < 0.05). p < 0.05 *; p < 0.01 **; p < 0.001 ***^{. 1} Stage one: transition to FB allocation days 1–12; stage two: days 13–17; stage three: days 18–20. ² SE: standard error of estimated marginal means. ³ total VFA. ⁴ Acetate + butyrate: propionate ratio. ⁵ Diet, day and time interaction.