Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Author | Population | Sample (Men/Women) | Mean Age (Years) | Outcome | Results Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barbero et al. [10] | Neck Pain Low Back Pain |
56 (15/41) 51 (20/31) |
50.3 (15.0) 48.5 (14.1) |
Pain Extent Clinical outcomes: BMI, age, pain duration, pain (VAS, 0–100), function (NDI, or RMDQ) Psychological outcomes: K-10, MoCa |
Significant correlations were observed between pain extent and pain intensity in both conditions, between pain extent and disability in neck pain |
| Lluch-Girbés et al. [20] | Knee Osteoarthritis | 53 (19/34) | 70.2 (7.4) | Pain Extent Clinical outcomes: Pain (NPRS, 0–10), function (WOMAC) Psychological outcomes: PCS, PVAQ, CPAQ, TSK Psycho-physical outcomes: PPTs, CPM, CSI, PD-Q |
Significant positive correlations between pain extent with pain and stiffness subscales of WOMAC and CSI score were found. Significant negative correlations between pain extent and PPTs were found |
| Falla et al. [21] | Whiplash-associated disorders | 205 (133/72) | 40.1 (11.4) | Pain Extent Clinical outcomes: Pain (VAS, 0–100), function (NDI, 0–100), PDI, EQ-5D Psychological outcomes: TSK, PCS, HADS-A, HADS-D, SES Others: Effort-Reward Imbalance Scale |
Pain extent was influenced by sex, insurance status and worse financial situation. Positive significant associations between pain extent with NDI, HADS-D and PDI were found. A negative significant association between pain extent and SES was found |
| Palacios-Ceña et al. [22] | Chronic Tension-Type Headache | 99 (27/72) | 47 (44–50) | Pain Extent Clinical outcomes: Age, headache intensity, duration and frequency, HDI-E, HDI-P Psychological outcomes: HADS-A, HADS-D, STAI-T, STAI-S. Psycho-physical outcomes: PPTs |
Significant positive associations were found between pain extent with age and the burden of the headache (HDI-E and HDI-P) |
| Barbero et al. [23] | Fibromyalgia | 30 (0/30) | 52 (12) Median | Pain Extent Clinical outcomes: Age, pain duration, pain (NPRS, 0–10), function (FIQ), tender point count Psycho-physical outcomes: PPTs, HPTs, CPTs |
Significant negative correlations were observed between pain extent with age and pain duration A significant positive association between pain extent and worst level of pain was found |
| Cruder et al. [24] | Musicians | 158 (68/90) | 22.4 (3.6) | Pain extent Clinical outcomes: BMI, practicing (hours), pain intensity (1–5), function (QD Score, and QD score optional module) |
Significant positive correlations between pain extent with pain intensity, QD and QD optional module were found |
| Fernández-de-las-Peñas et al. [25] | Episodic Migraine | 72 (0/72) | 42 (10.22) | Pain extent Clinical outcomes: Age, migraine intensity, duration and frequency Psychological outcomes: HADS-A, HADS-D, STAI-T, STAI-S. Psycho-physical outcomes: PPTs |
No significant associations between pain extent with any clinical, psychological or psycho-physical variables were observed |
| Fernández-de-las-Peñas et al. [26] | Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | 140 (0/140) | 47 (13.5) median | Pain extent Clinical outcomes: Age, pain duration, pain (NPRS, 0–10), function (BCTQ, 0–5) Psycho-physical outcomes: PPTs, HPTs, CPTs |
A significative positive correlation between pain extent and CPT over carpal tunnel was observed |
| Ris et al. [29] | Neck pain Traumatic Nek Pain Non-traumatic Neck Pain |
200 (75/125) 120 80 |
43.5 (11.4) 47.6 (11.4) |
Pain Extent Clinical outcomes: Function (NDI), quality of life (SF36) Psychological outcomes: BDI-II, TSK Others: ROM, CCFT |
Significative positive correlations between pain extent with NDI (all groups), BDI-II (all groups) and TSK (neck pain and nontraumatic pain groups) were seen Significative negative correlations between pain extent and muscle function (CCFT and CE) in neck pain and nontraumatic pain groups) were observed |
| Abichandani et al. [27] | Chronic Neck Pain | 20 (0/20) | 26 (2–32) Median | Pain Extent Recognition of pain drawing Clinical outcomes: age, pain duration, pain (NPRS, 0–10), NDI Psychological outcomes: PCS, DASS-42, MSPQ |
A significative negative correlation was observed between recognition of pain drawing and MSPQ |
| Willet et al. [28] | Hip Osteoarthritis | 30 (15/15) | 61 (55.25–64) median | Pain extent Clinical outcomes: Age, function (Oxford Hip Score), pain (WPI), symptoms (FMS-SSS), PD-Q Psychological outcomes: DASS, TSK, PCS, CPAQ Psycho-physical outcomes: PTTs, CPTs, HPTs |
Paint extent demonstrated significant association with WPI and PD-Q Pain extent was also associated with lower PPTs in the lower extremity, higher CPTs at the greater trochanter, reduced HPTs at the greater trochanter and reduced WDTs over the thenar eminence |
BMI: Body Mass Index; BCTQ: Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire; BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory; CCFT: Cranio-cervical flexion test; CE: Cervical Extension; CPAQ: Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire; CPM: Conditioned Pain Modulation; CPT: Cold Pain Threshold; CSI: Central Sensitization Inventory; DASS-42: Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; DASS: Depression, Anxiety, Stress 21 Scale; FIQ: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire; FMS-SSS: Fibromyalgia Symptom Scale; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Anxiety subscale); HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Depression subscale); HPT: Heat Pain Threshold; K-10: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; MoCa: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MSPA: Modified Somatic Perceptions Questionnaire; NDI: Neck Disability Index; NPRS: Numeric Pain Rating Scale; PCS: Pain Catastrophizing; PDI: Pain Disability Index; PD-Q: Pain DETECT questionnaire; PPT: Pressure Pain Threshold; PVAQ: Pain Vigilance and Awareness; QD: Quick DASH; RMDQ: Roland and Morris Disability Questionnaire; ROM: Range of motion; SES: Self-Efficacy Scale; SF-36-MCS: Short-Form 36, Standardized Mental Component Summary Score; SF-36-PCS: Short-Form 36, Standardized Physical Component Summary Score; TS: Temporal summation; TSK-11: 11-item Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index; WPI: Widespread Pain Index.