Table 1.

Drug-related, systemic and local risk factors of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of Jaws (MRONJ).

Risk Factor
Drug-Related	Systemic	Local
Product (Antiresorptive/antiangiogenic drug) Route of administration (po, sc, iv, im) Cumulative dosage Duration of treatments Supportive care (e.g., chemotherapy, steroids, thalidomide)	Underlying disease (solid tumors, multiple myeloma, osteoporosis) Comorbidity (e.g., diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, hypocalcemia, hyperparathyroidism) Lifestyle (e.g., smoking)	Dental/periodontal infection Peri-implantitis Oral surgeries (e.g., dental extractions) Unfitting removable dentures Anatomical conditions (e.g., torus, exostosis, pronounced mylohyoid ridge)