Reduction of chemoresistance by PMTPV in 3D culture. (A,B) A549 cells cultured on PrimeSurface96U multi-well plates were incubated in the presence and absence (vehicle) of 100 μM PMTPV for 24 h, and then they were incubated with DXR for 60 min (A) and 24 h (B) at the concentration indicated. The fluorescence intensity of DXR was measured using a fluorescence microscope and represented as arbitrary units (AU). Cell viability was assessed using a CellTiter-Glo 3D Cell Viability Assay kit and represented relative to the values in 0 µM DXR. (C–E) The cells were incubated with CDDP, GEF, or DOC in the presence and absence (vehicle) of PMTPV for 24 h. Cell viability was represented relative to the values in 0 µM anticancer drugs. n = 4–6. ** p < 0.01 and * p < 0.05 compared with 0 μM. ## p < 0.01 and # p < 0.05 compared with vehicle. NS, p > 0.05.