Figure 3.

ATX is induced in tumor-associated compared to normal breast adipose tissue. (A) ATX immunohistochemical staining is increased in human tumor stroma compared to adjacent breast stroma. * p < 0.001 by paired t-test. Staining intensity was quantified by ImageJ [(NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA] and the results were adapted from Reference [67]. (B) ATX mRNA and activity levels are higher in tumor-bearing mammary fat pads compared to unaffected contralateral fat pads in a 4T1 orthotopic, synergistic, and immunocompetent BALB/C mouse model. ATX staining and mRNA levels are expressed relative to the breast stroma and contralateral fat pad, respectively. * p < 0.05 by paired t-test. Results adapted from Reference [14].