Table 1.

Natural sources of AMPK enhancers.

Treatment Name	Applications/Outcomes of the Experiment	References
Common Name: Yuja or Yuzu Scientific Name: Citrus junos Used parts: Peel extract	-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activities were increased by Ethanol extract of yuja peel (YPEE) in a dose-dependent manner inside in both cell culture and mouse models.	[60]
Name of the Plant: Korean red pepper Scientific Name: Capsicum annuum Used parts: An ethanol (70%) extract of Korean red pepper (Ekrp)	-Ethanol (70%) extract of Korean red pepper enhances AMPK phosphorylationin 3T3-L1 adipocyte.	[61]
Common Name: Hsiao Scientific Name: Astragalus membranaceus Bunge var. mongholicus Used parts: Astragalus polysaccharide extract	-Astragalus polysaccharide interacted with AMPK activity in palmitate-induced RAW264.7 cells.	[62]
Common Name: Thymoquinone Scientific Name: Nigella sativa Used parts: Seeds	-Thymoquinone enhanced the phosphorylation adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in male Kunming mice.	[63]
Name of the Plant: Bitter melon Scientific Name: Momordica charantia Used parts: 5β,19-epoxy-25-methoxy-cucurbita-6,23-diene-3β,19-diol (EMCD)	-EMCD was found to have activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in TNF-α-induced inflammation in FL83B cells.	[64]
Name of the Plant: Berberis and Coptis Scientific Name: Berberis aquifolium and Coptis chinensis Used parts: Raw Berberine	-Berberine increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/gluconeogenesis pathway in diabetic rat and HepG2 hepatocytes.	[65]
Name of the Plant: Licochalcone Scientific Name: Glycyrrhiza inflata (G. inflata) Used parts: Licochalcone root	-Licochalcone increased AMPK phosphorylation and Sirt1 expression in HepG2 cells.	[66]
Name of the Plant: Sasa (bamboo) Scientific Name: Sasa borealis Used parts: Sasa borealis leaf extract	-Sasa borealis leaf extract helped in the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase in STZ-induced diabetic mice.	[67]
Name of the Plant: Glabridin Scientific Name: Glycyrrhiza glabra Used parts: Raw Glabridin	-AMPK activation with Glabridin was reported in (C57BL/6J strain) mice.	[68]
Common Name: Tea Scientific Name: Cyclocaryapaliurus Used parts: Cyclocaric acid B and Cyclocarioside H	-Cyclocaric acid B and Cyclocarioside H showed AMPK underlying mechanisms in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.	[69]
Name of the Plant: Black ginseng Scientific Name: Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Used parts: Black ginseng ethanol extract	-Black ginseng extract improved AMPK protein activity in db/db mice.	[70]
Name of the Plant: Katsura or Caramel Scientific Name: Cercidiphyllum japonicum Used parts: N/A	-Dihydromyricetin improved AMPK signaling pathway in high fat diet-fed rats.	[71]
Common Name: N/A Scientific Name: Boussingaultigracilis Miers var. pseudobaselloides Bailey Used parts: N/A	-BEG increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in high-fat diet-induced obese rats.	[72]
Name of the Plant: Wormwood Scientific Name: Artemisia scoparia and Artemisia santolinaefolia Used parts: Artemisia scoparia and Artemisia santolinaefolia extract	-The extracts increased phosphorylation of AMPK α1 and AMPK activity significantly in DIO C57/B6J mice.	[73]
Common Name: Exopolysaccharides Scientific Name: Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae) Z0206 Used parts: Selenium-enriched exopolysaccharides	-Selenium-enriched Exopolysaccharides interacted with AMPK/SirT1 pathway in high-fat-diet induced diabetic KKAy mice.	[74]
Name of the Plant: Compositae Scientific Name: Atractylodes Macrocephala Koidz Used parts: The dried rhizome of Baizhu	-The compounds of Baizhu were associated with activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and PI3K/Akt pathways in mouse skeletal muscle C2C12 cells.	[75]
Name of the Plant: Cucurbitaceae Scientific Name: Bryonia alba. L. Used parts: Cucurbitacin E	-Cucurbitacin E induced autophagy via upregulating AMPK activity in ATG5-knocked down cells and DU145 cells.	[76]
Name of the Plant: Figor Nopal or Prickly-pear cactus Scientific Name: Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten Used parts: Fruit	-Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten improved peripheral glucose uptake through activation of AMPK/p38 MAPK pathway in db/db mice.	[77]
Name of the Plant: Bitter Orange Scientific Name: Citrus aurantium Used parts: Polymethoxy flavonoids (Nobiletin and Tangeretin)	-Citrus aurantium extract (Nobiletin and Tangeretin) enhanced phosphorylation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) in male C57BL/6 mice.	[78]
Name of the Plant: Ellis fruit Scientific Name: Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Used parts: Geniposide	-Geniposide activated AMPK production in HepG2 Cells.	[79]
Common Name: Chitin Source: Shrimps, Crabs and Insects Used parts: Chitosan oligosaccharide	-Chitosan oligosaccharide prevented the development of aberrant crypt foci in a mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer via a mechanism involving AMPK activation.	[80]
Name of the Plant: Sophocarpine Source: Foxtail-like sophora herb and seed Used parts: Seeds	-Sophocarpine alleviated hepatocyte steatosis through activating AMPK signaling pathway in pathogen-free male SD rats.	[81]
Name of the Plant: Wild Hop Scientific Name: Humulus japonicus Used parts: Humulus japonicus extract	-Humulus japonicus activated AMPK-SIRT1 pathway in Yeast and human fibroblast cells	[82]
Name of the Plant: Rosemary Scientific Name: Rosmarinus officinalis L. Used parts: Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract	-Rosemary extract triggered activating AMPK and PPAR pathways in HepG2 cells.	[83]
Name of the Plant: Bitter Melon Scientific Name: Momordica charantia Used parts: Bitter Melon Triterpenoids	-Activation of AMPK was noticed by Bitter Melon Triterpenoids in L6 myoblasts.	[84]
Common Name: Quercetin Source: Onions, Apples, Tea, Berries, Cauliflower, and Red wine Used parts: Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide	-Quercetin was involved in a manner dependent on AMPKα1/2 pathway activation in high fat diet mice.	[85]
Common Name: Naringin Source: Citrus fruits Used parts: Fruit’s Albedo, membrane and pith	-Naringin was associated via Interacting with AMPK activation in osteoblast-like UMR-106 cells	[86]