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. 2020 Sep 1;9:34. doi: 10.1186/s40035-020-00213-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — 1,25(OH)₂D₃ also exerts neuroprotective effects through genomic and/or non-genomic activation. ARE, antioxidant response element; GFR α1, GDNF family receptor alpha 1; γ-GT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; GSH, glutathione; GSNOH, S-nitrosoglutathione; RXR, retinoid X receptor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PMCA, plasma membrane Ca²⁺ ATP-ase; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; VDR, vitamin D receptor; VDREs, vitamin D response elements. The arrows indicate signaling components that are either enhanced (red arrows) or reduced (green arrows)