Table 1.
Recent studies of various compounds targeting osteoclast multinucleation.
| Author and Year of Publication | Compound Used | In-Vitro Cell Types | In-Vivo Model | Affected Molecules |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sun 2020 [183] | Pregnenolone | Mouse bone marrow macrophages | LPS-induced calvarial osteolysis model of mice | MAPK, NF-κB, c-Fos, NFATc1, Cathepsin K, Trap, DC-STAMP, ATP6v0d2 |
| Choi 2019 [184] | Pisidium coreanum | Mouse bone marrow macrophages | OVX mice treated with Pisidium coreanum | NFATc1, p65, integrin αvβ3, DC-STAMP, OC-STAMP, Atp6v0d2, FAK, CD44, and MFR |
| Takagi 2017 [187] | Sulforaphane | Mouse bone marrow cells RAW264.7 |
- | OSCAR, NFATc1, Trap, Cathepsin K, DC-STAMP, OC-STAMP |
| Choi 2017 [188] | Barley seedling extracts | Mouse bone marrow cells | - | IκB, c-Fos, NFATc1, DC-STAMP |
| Zeng 2016 [189] | Aconine | RAW264.7 | - | NF-κB, NFATc1, DC-STAMP |
| Chai 2017 [190] | Melphalan (increased multinucleation) | Mouse bone marrow cells RAW264.7 |
Mice treated with melphalan | Mitf, DC-STAMP, OC-STAMP (all upregulated) |
| Arioka 2017 [191] | Inorganic phosphate | RAW-D cells | - | c-Fos, NFATc1, DC-STAMP |
| Tsukamoto 2016 [192] | Elcatonin | Mouse bone marrow cells | Mice tail suspension model (microgravity) treated with elcatonin | NFATc1, cathepsin K, ATP6v0d2 |
| Dou 2016 [193] | Cyanidin (low dose promotes osteoclastogenesis while high dose inhibits it) | Mouse bone marrow monocytes RAW264.7 |
- | c-Fos, NFATc1, Dual effects on Mitf, CD9, CD47, ATP6v0d2, DC-STAMP, OC-STAMP, OSCAR |
| Kuriya 2020 [194] | Tea extract (epigallocatechin gallate) | RAW264.7 | - | DC-STAMP |
| Kanzaki 2017 [195] | PGDHC (promotes osteoclast multinucleation) | RAW264.7 Mouse bone marrow cells and peritoneal macrophages |
Mice given calvarial injections of PGDHC | Myh9, Rac1, DC-STAMP (upregulated) |
| Ausk 2017 [195] | Botulinum toxin A causing muscle paralysis | Mouse bone marrow cells | Mice injected with botulinum toxin A in right calf muscle | TNF-α, IL-1, DC-STAMP, OC-STAMP |
| Fujita 2012 [197] | Vitamin E (α-tocopherol, increased osteoclast multinucleation) | Mouse bone marrow cells from Ttpa–/– and WT mice | WT mice treated with α-tocopherol | p38, Mitf, DC-STAMP (all upregulated) |
LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; NFATc1, nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1; Trap, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; DC-STAMP, dendritic cell specific transmembrane protein; Atp6v0d2, ATPase H+ transporting V0 subunit d2; OC-STAMP, osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein; OVX, ovariectomy; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; MFR, macrophage fusion receptor; OSCAR, osteoclast-associated receptor; Mitf, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor; PGDHC, phosphoglycerol dihydroceramide; Myh9, non-muscle myosin IIA; Rac1, RAS-related C3 botulinus toxin substrate 1; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor α; IL-1, interleukin-1; WT, wild type.