Table 1.

Comparison between neurological manifestations in SARS‐CoV‐1 versus SARS‐CoV‐2, ordered according to evidence level.

Evidence level	SARS‐CoV‐1	SARS‐CoV‐2
Prospective or retrospective cohort studies	Symptoms: Children: headache	Symptoms: Fatigue (can persist after COVID‐19) Headache Confusion Smell/taste disorders (can be persistent) Dizziness Neuropsychiatric symptoms including mood disorders and psychosis
	Complications: Cerebrovascular disease Children: seizures Pre‐existing cerebrocardiovascular disease as risk factor for more severe disease courses	Complications: Cerebrovascular disease (ischemic stroke/intracranial hemorrhage, microbleeds, cerebral venous thrombosis). Worse ischemic stroke outcome in COVID‐19 patients compared to non‐COVID‐19 patients. Encephalitis 4% of cases deceased due to neurological complications.
Case‐control studies, large case series	Symptoms: 53% of patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neuropsychiatric symptoms more common in patients with severe disease course Headache Affective disorders Dizziness Anxiety	Symptoms: 36% of patients with neurological symptoms. Neurological symptoms more common in patients with more severe disease courses. Children: fatigue and headache
	Complications: Seizures Impaired consciousness Neuropathology: systemic vasculitis (including brain vessels) with neurodegeneration, signs of ischemia. Changes in adenohypophysis.	Complications: (Hypoxic) encephalopathy Impaired consciousness Inflammatory PNS/CNS syndromes (including ADEM, GBS and meningitis with leptomeningeal enhancement) Seizures (conflicting evidence) Children: encephalopathy Neuropathology: hypoxic injury, lymphocytic panencephalitis and meningitis, perivenular inflammation
Cross‐sectional studies	65% neuropsychiatric complaints during the acute and convalescent phase. Steroid treatment and disease severity predictive for neuropsychiatric symptoms	Acute necrotizing encephalopathy
Case reports, small case series	Critical illness neuro‐/myopathy (Guillain‐Barré syndrome as differential diagnosis) Seizures Persistent sleeping difficulties Delirium Persistent anosmia Generalized pain	Miller‐Fisher syndrome Polyneuritis cranialis Critical‐illness polyneuropathy Delirium

Abbreviations: ADEM, acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis; CNS, central nervous system; CoV, coronavirus; COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; GBS, Guillain‐Barré Syndrome; PNS, peripheral nervous system; SARS, severe acute upper respiratory syndrome.