TABLE 3.
Frequency and Relative Risk of Developmental Vulnerability by Maternal Depression Diagnosis Between Child’s Birth and Fifth Birthday, Discordant Cousin Cohort (n = 1672)
| Developmental Domain | Maternal Depression Diagnosis Between Child’s Birth and Fifth Birthday | Relative Risk (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 836) | No (n = 836) | |||
| Vulnerable on Domain, n (%) | Vulnerable on Domain, n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | |
| ≥1 domain | 252 (30.4) | 211 (25.2) | 1.29 (1.06–1.57) | 1.27 (1.02–1.57) |
| Specific domain | ||||
| Physical health and well-being | 122 (14.6) | 107 (12.8) | 1.16 (0.90–1.51) | 1.12 (0.85–1.48) |
| Social competence | 121 (14.5) | 75 (9.0) | 1.72 (1.27–2.33) | 1.74 (1.26–2.38) |
| Emotional maturity | 114 (13.6) | 79 (9.5) | 1.51 (1.12–2.04) | 1.48 (1.09–2.01) |
| Language and cognitive development | 101 (12.1) | 92 (11.0) | 1.11 (0.83–1.49) | 1.24 (0.88–1.73) |
| Communication skills and general knowledge | 81 (9.7) | 65 (7.8) | 1.27 (0.92–1.76) | 1.05 (0.77–1.42) |
a
Adjusted for maternal characteristics at birth (age at first birth, education, social isolation, marital status, smoking during pregnancy, drug or alcohol use during pregnancy, neighborhood location, and income quintile) and child characteristics at birth (birth order, sex, and gestational age).