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. 2020 Aug 31;20:397. doi: 10.1186/s12872-020-01685-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Non-PV foci. a: An electrocardiogram from a 68-year-old man after cryoablation of PAF. After ISP administration, the earliest PAC from the ostium of the coronary sinus induced AF. b: Multipolar catheter caught the earliest potentials at the CS ostium (red arrow). In this patient, an electric current applied to the posterior wall of the CS ostium caused the PAC to disappear and AF was not induced. PV: pulmonary vein; PAF: paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; ISP: isoproterenol; AF: atrial fibrillation; PAC: premature atrial contraction; CS: coronary sinus