TABLE 1.
List of clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
| Reference | Study phase and disease | Therapy | ARDS level | Route of administration | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang et al 11 | Case study (59‐year‐old man with pneumonia) | UCB‐MSCs | NR | Intratracheal administration | South Korea |
| Liang et al 12 | Case study (65‐year‐old female with COVID‐19) | UC‐MSCs | Sever | Intravenous infusion three times (5 × 107 cells each time) | China |
| Simonson et al 13 | Case study (two patients; 58‐year‐old man, and 40‐year‐old man, with infection) | Allogenic BM‐MSCs | Sever | Intravenous administration (2 × 106 cells/kg of body weight) | Sweden |
| Sengupta et al 14 | Prospective nonrandomized open‐label trial on the treatment of 24 COVID‐19 patients | Exosomes (ExoFlo) derived from allogeneic BM‐MSCs | Moderate‐severe | 15 mL intravenous dose of ExoFlo | United States |
| Zheng et al, 15 NCT01902082 | Phase I; a randomized, placebo‐controlled pilot study. Twelve adult patients | Allogeneic AD‐MSCs | NR | Intravenous administration (1 × 106 cells/kg of body weight) | China |
| Wilson et al, 16 NCT01775774 | Multicenter, open‐label, dose‐escalation, phase I clinical trial. Nine patients | Allogeneic BM‐MSCs | Moderate to severe | Three patients with low‐dose MSCs (1 × 106 cells/kg of body weight), three patients received intermediate dose MSCs (5 × 106 cells/kg of body weight), three patients received high dose MSCs (1 × 107 cells/kg of body weight) | United States |
| Leng et al 17 | Phase I, in seven patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia | ACE2‐MSC | Intravenous administration (1 × 106 cells/kg of body weight) | China | |
| Yip et al, 18 ISRCTN52319075 | Phase I, in nine patients. Pneumonia and others | Wharton's jelly‐MSC | Moderate‐severe | Intravenous administration. Three patients received low‐dose MSCs (1.0 × 106 cells/kg), three patients with intermediate dose (5.0 × 106 cells/kg), and three patients with high dose (1.0 × 107 cells/kg) | Taiwan |
| Bellingan et al, 19 NCT02611609 | Two open‐label, dose‐escalation cohort (n = 3 each). A subsequent, double‐blinded randomized subjects (n = 20) or placebo (n = 10) | Allogeneic BM‐MSCs | Moderate‐severe | Intravenous administration, 300 and 900 million cells. | United Kingdom/United States |
| Chen et al, 10 ChiCTR‐OCC‐15006355 and NTC02095444 | Phase I/II non‐randomized. Forty‐four patients with H7N9‐induced ARDS | Allogeneic Menstrual blood‐MSC from a healthy female donor (age 20‐45) | Moderate‐severe | Multiple intravenous infusion. Some patients were treated with three infusions of MSCs, and some received four infusions of MSCs. One million per kilogram of body weight for each time. | China |
| Liu et al, 20 NCT01775774 and NCT02097641 | A multicenter Phase I/II. Phase I: three cohorts of three patients | BM‐MSCs | Moderate‐severe | Single intravenous infusion. Phase I: Patients were received either 1 × 106 cells/kg body weight (first cohort), 5 × 106 cells/kg body weight (second cohort), or 10 × 106 cells/kg body weight (third cohort). Phase 2: a randomized, double‐blind placebo (Plasma‐lyte A)‐controlled study using up to 10 × 106 cell/kg body weight. | United States |
| Matthay et al, 21 NCT02097641 | Phase IIa. Prospective, double‐blind, multicenter, randomized trial. Sepsis, pneumonia, Aspiration. Forty patients received MSCs and 20 patients received placebo | Allogeneic BM‐MSC from three donors (aged 18‐45 years, one woman and two men) | Moderate‐severe | One dose of intravenous infusion. 10 × 106/kg predicted bodyweight MSCs or placebo (Plasma‐Lyte A). | United States |
Abbreviations: AD, adipose tissue‐derived; BM, bone marrow; MSCs, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; NR, Not reported; UC, Umbilical cord; UCB, umbilical cord blood.