Table 1.
Reported immunological events contributing to the induction of allergic sensitization by specific pollen sources and individual major pollen allergens
| Plant family | Plant species | Epithelium + alarmin secretion | Oxidative stress | Neutrophils | TLR4 signaling- | DCs expression of surface molecules | Induction of Th2 polarization | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proteolytic activity | Non-proteolytic interaction | PAR2 interaction | TSLP | IL-33 | IL-25 | ROS induction | IL-8 expression | Dependent? | Independent? | OX40L | ST2 | Notch Ligands | Capability | Insufficiency of major allergens | ||||
| Tree | Betulaceae | White birch (Betula verrucosa) | [52, 56, 140, 143] | [61] | [69] | [85] | [95] | [94] | [94] | |||||||||
| Betulaceae | Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) | |||||||||||||||||
| Cupressaceae | Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) | [56] | [85] | |||||||||||||||
| Cupressaceae | Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) | [140] | [79] | [85] | ||||||||||||||
| Cupressaceae | Meditereanen cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) | [140] | ||||||||||||||||
| Cupressaceae | Mountain cedar (Juniperus ashei) | [144] | [71] | |||||||||||||||
| Oleaceae | Olive tree (Olea europaea) | |||||||||||||||||
| Salicaceae | Black poplar (Populus nigra) | [144] | [71] | |||||||||||||||
| Grass | Poaceae | Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) | [71] | [115] | ||||||||||||||
| Poaceae | Rye grass (Lolium perenne) | [53] | [71] | |||||||||||||||
| Poaceae | Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) | [53, 56, 143] | [85] | |||||||||||||||
| Poaceae | Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) | [53] | [71] | |||||||||||||||
| Poaceae | Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) | [144] | ||||||||||||||||
| Weed | Asteraceae | Short ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) | [54, 55, 140, 145] | [66] | [74, 76] | [70] | [67] | [66, 67] | [85] | [66] | [76] | [66, 76] | [116] | |||||
| Asteraceae | Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) | [64] | [84] | |||||||||||||||
| Asteraceae | Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) | [143] | ||||||||||||||||
| Amaranthaceae | Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) | [71] | ||||||||||||||||
| Amaranthaceae | Burning bush (Kochia scoparia) | [71] | ||||||||||||||||
| Amaranthaceae | Russian thistle (Salsola kali) | [60] | [71] | |||||||||||||||
| Cannabaceae | Japanese hop (Humulus japonicus) | [60] | ||||||||||||||||
| Allergen | Betulaceae | White birch (Betula verrucosa) | Bet v 1 | [57] | [94] | |||||||||||||
| Oleaceae | Olive tree (Olea europaea) | Ole e 1 | [58] | |||||||||||||||
| Cupressaceae | Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) | Cry j 1 | [59] | |||||||||||||||
| Cupressaceae | Cypress (Cupressus arizonica) | Cup a 1 | [75] | [75] | ||||||||||||||
| Poaceae | Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) | Phl p 5 | [115] | [115] | [115] | |||||||||||||
| Asteraceae | Short ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) | Amb a 1 | [117] | [116] | ||||||||||||||
| Asteraceae | Short ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) | Amb a 11 | [112] | |||||||||||||||