TABLE 1.
Medicinal plants and reported antiviral compounds
| S. No. | Plant name | Family | Active compounds | Effective against virus | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Plantago major L. | Plantaginaceae | Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid | HSV‐I, HSV‐II, ADV‐III, and ADV‐II | Nazarizadeh, Mikaili, Moloudizargari, Aghajanshakeri, & Javaherypour, 2013; Samuelsen, 2000 |
| 2 | Solanum torvum | Solanaceae | Torvanol‐A, Torvanol‐H | HSV‐I | Ikeda et al., 2000 |
| 3 | Euphorbia jokini | Euphorbiaceae | Diterpenes, putranjivain A | HSV‐II | Cheng et al., 2004 |
| 4 | Cassia javanica | Caesalpiniaceae | Ent‐epiafzel‐echin(4a‐8)epiafzelechin(EEE,S) | HSV‐II | Kashiwada et al., 1990 |
| 5 | Melaleuca alternifolia | Myrtaceae | Isoborneal | HSV‐I | Hammer, Carson, & Riley, 2002 |
| 6 | Phylanthus amarus | Phyllanthaceae | Elgic acid | HBV | Blumberg, Millman, Venkates, & Thyagarajan, 1990 |
| 7 | Bohmeria nivea | Urticaceae | HBV | Chang, Huang, Yuan, Lai, & Hung, 2010 | |
| 8 | Camellia sinensis | Theaceae | Tannic acid, theaflavin 3 gallate, theaflavin‐33‐gallate | HIV, HCV, influenza | Oh et al., 2013 |
| 9 | Dryopteris crassirhizoma | Dryopteridaceae | Kampferol | HIV | Min, Tomiyama, Nakamura, & Hattori, 2001 |
| 10 | Paeonia lactiflora | Paeoniaceae | Penta‐o‐gallyl‐βD‐glucose | HBV | Lee, Lee, Jung, & Mar, 2006 |
| 11 | Verbescum thapsiforme | Scrophulariaceae | Iridoid, phenyl thanoid | HSV‐I, influenza A and B, H7N | Zgorniak‐Nowosielska, Grzybek, Manolova, Serkedjieva, & Zawilińska, 1991 |
| 12 | Radix glycyrrhiza | Fabaceae | Glycyrrhizin | Influenza, SARS‐CoV | Fang et al., 2007; Yang, Islam, Wang, Li, & Chen, 2020 |
| 13 | Aesculus chinensis | Sapindaceae | Flavonoids | RSV, influenza, rubella | Liu, Wang, Lee, Wang, & Du, 2008; Wei et al., 2004 |
| 14 | Melia azedarach | Meliaceae | Meliacine, cinnamoyl dihydroxymeliacarpin | HSV‐I and HSV‐II, Junin virus, Sindbis virus, VSV, poliovirus, pseudorabies virus, tacaribe virus | Andrei, Coto, & de Torres, 1985; Andrei, Damonte, de Torres, & Coto, 1988; Andrei, Lampuri, Coto, & De Torres, 1986; Castilla, Barquero, Mersich, & Coto, 1998 |
| 15 | Humulus lupulus | Cannabaceae | Xanthohumol | HSV and HIV | Wang, Ding, Liu, & Zheng, 2004 |
| 16 | Melissa officinalis | Lamiaceae | Citral a, citral b, citronellal, monoterpenes, aldehydes, lemon balm oil | HSV | Cohen, Kucera, & Herrmann, 1964 |
| 17 | Prunella vulgari | Lamiaceae | Rosmarinic acid, phenol like apigenin, luteolin derivatives | HIV | Yao, Wainberg, & Parniak, 1992 |
| 18 | Geum japonicum | Rosaceae | Ursolic acid, maslinic acid | CMV | Yukawa et al., 1996 |
| 19 | Ocimum basilicum | Lamiaceae | Ursolic acid (HSV‐I), apigenin (HSV‐II) | HSV‐I and HSV‐II | Yucharoen, Anuchapreeda, & Tragoolpua, 2011 |
| 20 | Glycyrrhiza glabra | Fabaceae | Glycyrrhizic acid | VV, HSV, VSV, VZV, SARS‐COV, KSHV, HIV‐I HIV‐II, and influenza virus | Fiore et al., 2008 |
| 21 | Stephania cepharantha | Menispermaceae | Cepharathine | HSV‐I, CVB‐3, HIV, SARS‐CoV | Ma et al., 2002 |
| 22 | Stylogne cauliflora | Oligophenols are involved in antiviral activity | HCV | M Patil, Masand, & Prakash Gupta, 2016 | |
| 23 | Pithecellobium clypearia | Leguminosae | 7‐ogalloyltricetifavan 7,4‐di‐ogalloylricetifavan | HSV‐I, HSV‐II, Junin virus, HBV, tacaribe virus | Leung et al., 2006; Li, Leung, Yao, Ooi, & Ooi, 2006 |
| 24 | Humulus lupulus | Cannabaceae | Xanthohumol | HIV | Wang et al., 2004 |
| 25 | Melissa officinalis | Labiatae | Citral a, citral b,citronellal, monoterpenes, aldehydes, lemon balm oil | HSV | Allahverdiyev, Duran, Ozguven, & Koltas, 2004 |
| 26 | Prunella vulgaris | Ericaceae | Rosmarinic acid, phenol like apigenin, luteolin derivatives | HSV‐I | Xu, Lee, Lee, White, & Blay, 1999 |
| 27 | Geum japonicum | Rosaceae | Triterpenes | HIV | Xu, Zeng, Wan, & Sim, 1996 |
| 28 | Ocimum basilicum | Lamiaceae | Ursolic acid (HSV‐I), apigenin (HSV‐II) | HSV‐I and HSV‐II | Yucharoen et al., 2011 |
| 29 | Olea europea | Oleaceae | Oleuropein, leaf extract | VHSH | Antunes et al., 2017 |
| 30 | Glycine max | Leguminosae | ADV‐I, CXV‐B1 | Müller et al., 2007 | |
| 31 | Lycoris radiata | Amaryllidaceae | Lycorine and alkaloids; 2αmethoxy‐6‐oethyloduline, 2αmethoxy‐6‐omethyloduline, trispherine | SARS‐CoV, influenza | He et al., 2013 |
| 32 | Blumea laciniate | Asteraceae | Polyphenols | RSV | Li, Ooi, Wang, But, & Ooi, 2004 |
| 33 | Geranium sanguineum | Geraniaceae | Polyphenols | RSV, influenza | Chattopadhyay et al., 2009 |
| 34 | Phyllanthus nanus | Euphorbiaceae | HBV | Lam et al., 2006 | |
| 35 | Ardisia chinensis | Primulaceae | Phenolics | HBV | Leung et al., 2006 |
| 36 | Alisma orientalis | Alismataceae | 25‐anhydroanisol, 13b,17b‐epoxyalisol, alisol b‐23‐acetate, alisol F24 acetate, alisol F | HBV | Jiang et al., 2006 |
| 37 | Acacia nilotica | Fabaceae | Silybin, oxymatrine | HCV | Rehman, Ashfaq, Riaz, Javed, & Riazuddin, 2011 |
| 38 | Nerium indicum | Apocynaceae | Caffeoylquinic acid, quercetin, luteolin‐5o‐rutinisid | Influenza, HIV,HSV | Farahani, 2014; Kitazato, Wang, & Kobayashi, 2007 |
| 39 | Elephantopus scabe | Asteraceae | Polyphenols | RSV | Li, 2005 |
| 40 | Eleutherococcs senticosus | Araliaceae | Ethanolic extract of roots | HRV, RSV, influenza virus A | Glatthaar‐Saalmüller, Sacher, & Esperester, 2001 |
| 41 | Syzygium aromaticum | Myrtaceae | Eugeniin | HSV‐I, EBV | Carvalho, Andrade, de Sousa, & de Sousa, 2015; Kurokawa et al., 1998 |
| 42 | Azadiracta indica | Meliaceae | Aqueous extract of leaves, azadiractin | Dengue virus | Parida, Upadhyay, Pandya, & Jana, 2002 |
| 43 | Momordia charantia | Cucurbitaceae | Lectin MA30 | Influenza | Ahmad, Javed, Rao, & Husnain, 2016 |
| 44 | Euphorbia segetalis | Euphorbiaceae | Lupenone | HSV‐I and HSV‐II | Álvarez, Habtemariam, & Parra, 2015 |
| 45 | Guazuma ulmifolia | Malvaceae | Ethyl acetate extract | PV | Felipe et al., 2006 |
| 46 | Argimonia pilosa | Rosaceae | Polyphenols | Influenza virus A and B | Shin, Lee, Park, & Seong, 2010 |
| 47 | Punica granatum | Lythraceae | Polyphenols | HSV‐I, norovirus | Živković et al., 2018 |
| 48 | Myrica rubra | Myricaceae | Rodelphinidin‐di‐ogallate | HSV‐I | Cheng et al., 2003 |
| 49 | Podophyllum peltatum | Berberidaceae | Podohyllotoxin | Measles, HSV | Bedows & Hatfield, 1982 |
| 50 | Psiadia dentate | Asteraceae | 3‐methylkaemfero | PV | Robin, Boustie, Amoros, & Girre, 1998 |
| 51 | Loranthus yadoriki | Loranthaceae | Camp B,C | Coxsackie virus | Wang, Yang, Huang, Wen, & Liu, 2000 |
| 52 | Scutellaia baicalensis | Lamiaceae | Isoscutellarein‐8methyl ether (5,7,4trihydroxy‐8methoxyflavone) | Influenza A | Nagai, Moriguchi, Suzuki, Tomimori, & Yamada, 1995 |
| 53 | Poncirus trifoliate | Rutaceae | Flavonoids, coumarins, and triterpenoid | Influenza | Heo et al., 2018 |
| 54 | Dianella longifolia | Asphodelaceae | Chrysophanic acid | PV | Semple, Pyke, Reynolds, & Flower, 2001 |
| 55 | Callophylum lanigerum | Calophyllaceae | Calinode A‐1, calonide B‐4 | HIV‐I | Kashman et al., 1992 |
| 56 | Curcuma longa | Zingiberaceae | Curcumin, curcuminoids | HIV‐I, HBV, influenza | Zorofchian Moghadamtousi et al., 2014 |
| 57 | Dropteris crassirhizoma | Dryopteridaceae | Dryocrassin ABBA, Extract, kaemferol acethylrhamnoside | Dengue virus | Maryam et al., 2020 |
| 58 | Scutellaria baicalensis | Lamiaceae | Baicalin, isosceutellarei n‐8‐methylether, wagonin, oroxylin A | Influenza A and B, RSV, hepatitis B | Hour et al., 2013; Ma et al., 2002 |
| 59 | Urtica dioica | Urticaceae | n‐acethylglucosamine | HIV‐I, HIV‐II, influenza A | De Clercq, 2000; Rajbhandari et al., 2009 |
| 60 | Brazilian propolis | Asteraceae | Moronic acid, kaemferol | HIV, influenza virus | Ito et al., 2001; Kai et al., 2014 |
| 61 | Artemisia annua L. | Asteraceae | friedelan3‐β‐ol, artemetin, and quercetagetin 6,7,3′,4′‐tetramethyl ether | SARS‐CoV | Wang et al., 2007 |
| 62 | Lycoris radiate | Amaryllidaceae | Lycorine, glycyrrhizin | SARS‐CoV | Shahrajabian, Sun, Shen, & Cheng, 2020 |
| 63 | Glycyrrhiza uralensis | Fabaceae | HIV, RSV, SARS‐CoV | Hoever et al., 2005; Ma et al., 2002 |
Abbreviations: ADV, Aleutian disease virus; CMV, Cytomegalovirus; CVB, Coxsackie B virus; CXV, Cactus X virus; HBV, Hepatitis B virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSV, Herpes simplex virus; KSHV, Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus; SARS‐CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; PV, polio virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; VHSH, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus; VV, vaccinia virus.