Table 2.
Associations between social determinants and the presence of each chronic disease and multi-morbidity among adults, n = 3280
| Social determinant | Chronic disease | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis | Asthma | Cancer | COPD | Diabetes | Heart attack | Multi-morbiditya | |
| OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
||
| Age (≥ 65 vs. < 65 years) | 0.92 (0.73–1.15) | 0.61 (0.47–0.80) | 1.24 (0.86–1.80) | 1.12 (0.76–1.64) | 1.98* (1.48–2.65) | 1.96** (1.30–2.95) | 1.46** (1.17–1.83) |
| Sex (Men vs. Women) | 1.39** (1.14–1.70) | 0.72 (0.57–0.92) | 1.41*** (1.02–1.96) | 1.37 (0.97–1.94) | 1.76* (1.36–2.29) | 2.24* (1.56–3.23) | 1.06 (0.89–1.27) |
| African American/Asian/Other vs. Caucasian | 2.71* (2.23–3.48) | 1.00 (0.75–1.34) | 1.22 (0.81–1.83) | 1.40 (0.94–2.10) | 2.56* (1.92–3.42) | 1.93** (1.28–2.91) | 0.58 (0.47–0.71) |
| ≤ Primary school vs. ≥ high school | 2.00** (1.27–3.13) | 1.70 (0.98–2.95) | 0.81 (0.34–1.94) | 2.15*** (1.12–4.12) | 1.14 (0.64–2.02) | 0.96 (0.43–2.12) | 0.74 (0.61–0.92) |
| Unemployed vs. employed | 1.26*** (1.01–1.57) | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) | 1.73** (1.21–2.48) | 1.58*** (1.10–2.30) | 1.13 (0.86–1.50) | 1.70** (1.15–2.53) | 0.62 (0.52–0.75) |
| Unmarried/widow/divorced vs. married | 1.41*** (1.06–1.87) | 1.75** (1.26–2.42) | 2.77** (1.79–4.29) | 2.76* (1.76–4.32) | 1.86** (1.31–2.64) | 3.34* (2.13–5.23) | 1.11 (0.80–1.45) |
| Live alone vs. live with others | 0.77 (0.57–1.05) | 0.67 (0.47–0.96) | 0.52 (0.33–0.84) | 0.51 (0.31–0.82) | 0.57 (0.39–0.83) | 0.28 (0.67–0.47) | 1.08 (0.80–1.45) |
| Annual Income in USD (< 50,000 vs. ≥ 50,000) | 1.33*** (1.07–1.65) | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) | 0.94 (0.66–1.35) | 1.05 (0.72–1.52) | 1.44** (1.09–1.89) | 1.19 (0.81–1.74) | 1.38* (1.09–1.75) |
| Overweight/obese vs. normal weight | 1.31 (0.96–1.79) | 1.44 (0.98–2.11) | 0.91 (0.55–1.49) | 1.07 (0.65–1.76) | 2.28** (1.43–3.63) | 1.33 (0.77–2.30) | 0.67 (0.55–0.80) |
| Current/former smoker vs. never | 1.57** (1.20–2.05) | 1.16 (0.85–1.59) | 2.47** (1.52–4.00) | 2.53** (1.58–4.05) | 1.05 (0.75–1.47) | 1.63*** (1.02–2.58) | 1.24** (1.02–1.51) |
| Alcohol consumption (yes vs. no) | 1.32*** (1.02–1.72) | 1.16 (0.84–1.58) | 1.45 (0.93–2.27) | 1.65*** (1.07–2.54) | 1.50*** (1.08–2.10) | 1.54 (0.98–2.41) | 1.24*** (1.01–1.52) |
Each model for social determinant factor was adjusted for other social determinants
COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, OR Odds ratio, CI Conference interval
*p < .001; **p = .001; ***p < .05
aMulti-morbidity was defined as two or more chronic diseases, such as arthritis, asthma, cancer, COPD, diabetes, and heart attack