Table 2.
Characteristics of participants, according to their frailty category.
| Characteristics | Robust (n = 52) | Pre-frailty (n = 112) | Frailty (n = 31) | Total | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 66.7 ± 5.7 | 68.8 ± 6.9 | 69.0 ± 7.5 | 68.3 ± 6.7 | 0.139 |
| Female (n, %) | 38 (73.1) | 74 (66.1) | 21 (67.7) | 133 (68.2) | 0.668 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 24.5 ± 3.6 | 24.5 ± 4.2 | 25.6 ± 6.9 | 24.7 ± 4.6 | 0.483 |
| Education level (n, %) | |||||
| No education | 1 (1.9) | 7 (6.3) | 2 (6.5) | 10 (5.1) | 0.063 |
| Primary school | 24 (46.2) | 65 (58.0) | 25 (80.6) | 114 (58.5) | |
| Secondary school | 4 (7.7) | 10 (8.9) | 1 (3.2) | 15 (7.7) | |
| High school | 16 (30.8) | 15 (13.4) | 2 (6.5) | 33 (16.9) | |
| Vocational college | 2 (3.8) | 4 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (3.1) | |
| University | 5 (9.6) | 11 (9.8) | 1 (3.2) | 17 (8.7) | |
| Marital status (n, %) | |||||
| Single | 3 (5.8) | 15 (13.4) | 3 (9.7) | 21 (10.8) | 0.310 |
| Married | 40 (76.9) | 68 (60.7) | 22 (71.0) | 130 (66.7) | |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 9 (17.3) | 29 (25.9) | 6 (19.4) | 44 (22.6) | |
| Self-reported income insufficiency (n, %) | |||||
| Sufficient | 48 (92.3) | 91 (81.3) | 28 (90.3) | 167 (85.6) | 0.282 |
| Insufficient | 3 (5.8) | 15 (3.4) | 3 (9.7) | 21 (10.8) | |
| Savings | 1 (1.9) | 6 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (3.6) | |
| Underlying disease (n, %) | |||||
| Hypertension | 30 (57.7) | 84 (75.0) | 24 (77.4) | 138 (70.8) | 0.052 |
| Diabetes | 10 (19.2) | 41 (36.6) | 11 (35.5) | 62 (31.8) | 0.075 |
| Dyslipidemia | 24 (46.2) | 70 (62.5) | 18 (58.1) | 112 (57.4) | 0.143 |
| Cancer | 0 (0.0) | 4 (3.6) | 4 (12.9) | 8 (4.1) | 0.015* |
| Stroke | 1 (1.9) | 6 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (3.6) | 0.275 |
| Current alcohol drinker (n, %) | 5 (9.6) | 10 (8.9) | 2 (6.5) | 17 (8.7) | 0.879 |
| Current smoker (n, %) | 6 (11.5) | 8 (7.1) | 3 (9.7) | 17 (8.7) | 0.636 |
| Hospital visit during preceding year (n, %) | 10 (19.2) | 18 (16.1) | 8 (25.8) | 36 (18.5) | 0.459 |
| Fall during preceding year (n, %) | 5 (6.9) | 18 (16.1) | 9 (29.0) | 32 (16.4) | 0.069 |
| Self-perceived health (n, %) | |||||
| Good | 25 (48.1) | 46 (41.1) | 7 (22.6) | 78 (40.0) | 0.212 |
| Moderate | 25 (48.1) | 58 (51.8) | 21 (67.7) | 104 (53.3) | |
| Poor | 2 (3.8) | 8 (7.1) | 3 (9.7) | 13 (6.7) | |
| Poor self-perceived memory (n, %) | 29 (55.8) | 68 (60.7) | 22 (71.0) | 119 (61.0) | 0.387 |
| Poor self-perceived memory compared to other people of the same age (n, %) | 30 (57.7) | 64 (57.1) | 20 (64.5) | 114 (58.5) | 0.755 |
MCI = mild cognitive impairment; BMI = body mass index