Table 3.
Characteristics of participants, according to their cognitive frailty category.
| Characteristics | Normal cognition + robust (n = 41) | Frail/pre-frailty + MCI (n = 41) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 65.9 ± 5.5 | 72.9 ± 6.4 | < 0.001* |
| Female (n, %) | 30 (73.2) | 28 (68.3) | 0.627 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 24.5 ± 3.4 | 23.9 ± 4.3 | 0.433 |
| Education level (n, %) | |||
| No education | 0 (0.0) | 6 (14.6) | < 0.001* |
| Primary school | 14 (34.1) | 28 (68.3) | |
| Secondary school | 4 (9.8) | 2 (4.9) | |
| High school | 16 (39.0) | 4 (9.8) | |
| Vocational college | 2 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
| University | 5 (12.2) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Marital status (n, %) | |||
| Single | 2 (4.9) | 3 (7.3) | 0.362 |
| Married | 31 (75.6) | 25 (61.0) | |
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 8 (19.5) | 13 (31.7) | |
| Self-reported income insufficiency (n, %) | |||
| Sufficient | 40 (97.6) | 33 (80.5) | 0.022* |
| Insufficient | 0 (0.0) | 7 (17.1) | |
| Savings | 1 (2.4) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Underlying disease (n, %) | |||
| Hypertension | 22 (53.7) | 32 (78.0) | 0.020* |
| Diabetes | 7 (17.1) | 12 (29.3) | 0.191 |
| Dyslipidemia | 17 (41.5) | 21 (51.2) | 0.376 |
| Cancer | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.3) | 0.241 |
| Stroke | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Current alcohol drinker (n, %) | 4 (9.8) | 3 (7.3) | 1.000 |
| Current smoker (n, %) | 5 (12.2) | 1 (2.4) | 0.201 |
| Hospital visit during preceding year (n, %) | 4 (9.8) | 6 (14.6) | 0.500 |
| Fall during preceding year (n, %) | 4 (9.8) | 5 (12.2) | 1.000 |
| Self-perceived health (n, %) | |||
| Good | 22 (53.7) | 12 (29.3) | 0.028* |
| Moderate | 18 (43.9) | 23 (56.1) | |
| Poor | 1 (2.4) | 6 (14.6) | |
| Poor self-perceived memory (n, %) | 25 (61.0) | 30 (73.2) | 0.240 |
| Poor self-perceived memory compared to other people of the same age (n, %) | 25 (61.0) | 23 (56.1) | 0.654 |
MCI = mild cognitive impairment; BMI = body mass index