Table 2.
Baseline characteristics, drug therapy, vital signs, laboratory data and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID‐19 with and without the development of acute heart failure (AHF) during admission
| Variable | All patients (n = 3080) | Non‐AHF patients (n = 3003) | AHF patients (n = 77) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics and coexisting disorders | ||||
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 62.3 ± 20.3 | 61.8 ± 20.3 | 78.6 ± 12.6 | <0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 1689 (54.8%) | 1647 (54.9%) | 42 (54.6%) | 0.958 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1322 (42.9%) | 1260 (42.0%) | 62 (80.5%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 559 (18.2%) | 532 (17.7%) | 27 (35.1%) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 1103 (35.8%) | 1056 (35.2%) | 47 (61.0%) | <0.001 |
| Smoking habit, n (%) | 304 (9.9%) | 296 (9.9%) | 8 (10.4%) | 0.877 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 430 (14.0%) | 413 (13.8%) | 17 (22.1%) | 0.037 |
| Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 199 (6.5%) | 187 (6.2%) | 12 (15.6%) | 0.001 |
| Ischaemic stroke, n (%) | 187 (6.1%) | 170 (5.7%) | 17 (22.1%) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 199 (6.5%) | 190 (6.3%) | 9 (11.7%) | 0.051 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter, n (%) | 269 (8.7%) | 246 (8.2%) | 23 (29.9%) | <0.001 |
| Chronic heart failure, n (%) | 152 (4.9%) | 135 (4.50) | 17 (22.1) | <0.001 |
| PM/ICD, n (%) | 53 (1.7%) | 49 (1.6%) | 4 (5.2%) | 0.042 |
| COPD, n (%) | 236 (7.7%) | 217 (7.2%) | 19 (24.7%) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 180 (5.8%) | 165 (5.5%) | 15 (19.5%) | <0.001 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 301 (9.8%) | 289 (9.6%) | 12 (15.6%) | 0.115 |
| Baseline cardiovascular drug therapy, n (%) | ||||
| Therapeutic anticoagulation | 309 (10.0%) | 284 (9.5%) | 25 (32.5%) | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet | 440 (14.3%) | 420 (14.0%) | 20 (26.0%) | 0.003 |
| ACEI or ARB | 1005 (32.6%) | 963 (32.1%) | 42 (54.6%) | <0.001 |
| MRA | 93 (3.0%) | 83 (2.8%) | 10 (13.0%) | <0.001 |
| Sacubitril–valsartan | 13 (0.4%) | 11 (0.4%) | 2 (2.6%) | 0.040 |
| Beta‐blocker | 407 (13.2%) | 376 (12.5%) | 31 (40.3%) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 628 (20.4%) | 588 (19.6%) | 40 (52.0%) | <0.001 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 43 (1.4%) | 41 (1.4%) | 2 (2.6%) | 0.292 |
| Digoxin | 22 (0.7%) | 21 (0.7%) | 1 (1.3%) | 0.428 |
| Statin | 878 (28.5%) | 837 (27.9%) | 41 (53.3%) | <0.001 |
| Antiarrhythmic | 22 (0.7%) | 19 (0.6%) | 3 (3.9%) | 0.016 |
| Vital signs at hospital presentation | ||||
| SBP, mmHg, mean ± SD | 129.0 ± 21.4 | 128.9 ± 21.2 | 132.0 ± 27.4 | 0.229 |
| Heart rate, b.p.m., mean ± SD | 93.6 ± 19.7 | 93.8 ± 19.6 | 86.7 ± 22.1 | 0.002 |
| First oxygen saturation, %, mean ± SD | 92.2 ± 6.3 | 92.3 ± 6.2 | 89.3 ± 7.6 | <0.001 |
| First oxygen saturation receiving oxygen, n (%) | 284 (9.2%) | 268 (8.9%) | 16 (20.8%) | 0.001 |
| First chest radiography, n (%) | ||||
| Without infiltrates | 821 (26.7%) | 809 (26.9%) | 12 (15.6%) | 0.052 |
| Unilateral infiltrates | 592 (19.2%) | 576 (19.2%) | 16 (20.8%) | |
| Bilateral infiltrates | 1537 (49.9%) | 1489 (49.6%) | 48 (62.3%) | |
| Laboratory data, mean ± SD | ||||
| Median eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 75.4 ± 21.3 | 75.8 ± 21.1 | 60.4 ± 24.9 | <0.001 |
| Median haemoglobin, g/dL | 13.5 ± 1.8 | 13.5 ± 1.8 | 12.7 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Highest ferritin, ng/dL | 1481 ± 6298 | 1481 ± 6400 | 1481 ± 1744 | 1.000 |
| Highest D‐dimer, ng/mL | 9351 ± 32 508 | 9281 ± 32 674 | 11 580 ± 26 887 | 0.001 |
| Highest troponin, ng/L | 456 ± 5300 | 458 ± 5403 | 417 ± 1683 | 0.963 |
| Highest NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 6067 ± 16 730 | 5469 ± 16 118 | 10 508 ± 20 374 | <0.001 |
| Highest fibrinogen, mg/dL | 820 ± 281 | 818 ± 282 | 878 ± 273 | 0.267 |
| Highest CRP, mg/L | 131.5 ± 109.3 | 130.4 ± 108.9 | 167.9 ± 115.6 | 0.004 |
| Highest IL‐6, pg/mL | 311.4 ± 591.8 | 310.3 ± 598.3 | 339.1 ± 400.0 | 0.125 |
| Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agents against COVID‐19, n (%) | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 2383 (77.4%) | 2313 (77.0%) | 70 (90.9%) | 0.004 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 319 (10.4%) | 314 (10.5%) | 5 (6.5%) | 0.343 |
| Azithromycin | 1404 (45.6%) | 1362 (45.4%) | 42 (54.6%) | 0.132 |
| Tocilizumab | 227 (7.4%) | 220 (7.3%) | 7 (9.1%) | 0.558 |
| Systemic glucocorticoid | 444 (14.4%) | 421 (14.0%) | 23 (29.9%) | <0.001 |
| Clinical outcomes, n (%) | ||||
| Hospital admission | 2191 (71.1%) | 2115 (70.4%) | 76 (98.7%) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 76 (2.5%) | 72 (2.4%) | 4 (5.2%) | 0.120 |
| Thrombotic event | 116 (3.8%) | 111 (3.7%) | 5 (6.5%) | 0.212 |
| Major bleeding | 22 (0.7%) | 21 (0.7%) | 1 (1.3%) | 0.045 |
| Non‐major bleeding | 66 (2.1%) | 61 (2.0%) | 5 (6.5%) | |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter during admission | 87 (2.8%) | 76 (2.5%) | 11 (14.3%) | <0.001 |
| Ventricular arrhythmias during admission | 11 (0.4%) | 10 (0.3%) | 1 (1.3%) | 0.243 |
| Critical care admission | 182 (5.9%) | 176 (5.9%) | 6 (7.8%) | 0.497 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 173 (5.6%) | 168 (5.6%) | 5 (6.5%) | 0.623 |
| Death | 626 (20.3%) | 590 (19.7%) | 36 (46.8%) | <0.001 |
ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AHF, acute heart failure; ARB, angiotensin‐receptor blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C‐reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT‐proBNP, N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; PM, pacemaker; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; SGLT2, sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2.