TABLE 1.

Published clinical trials of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) infusion in the sepsis context

References	Indication	Phase	Patient number	MSC source	Dose
Zheng 2014 36	ARDS	Phase I	6 patients in control group 6 patients in experimental group	Allogeneic AT‐MSCs	1 × 106 cells/kg
Wilson 2015 37	ARDS	Phase I	9 patients	Allogeneic BM‐MSCs	Dose‐escalation 1 × 106, 5 × 106, or 10 × 106 cells/kg
McIntyre 2017 38	Septic shock	Phase I	9 patients in MSC group 21 patients in an observational cohort	Allogeneic BM‐MSCs	Dose‐escalation 0.5 × 106, 1 × 106, or 3 × 106 cells/kg
Gennadiy 2018 39	Septic shock with severe neutropenia	Phase I/II	15 patients in control group 15 patients in experimental group	Allogeneic BM‐MSCs	1 × 106 cells/kg
He 2018 40	Severe sepsis	Phase I	15 patients in historical case‐matched comparison group 15 patients in experimental group	Allogeneic UC‐MSCs	Dose‐escalation 1 × 106, 2 × 106, or 3 × 106 cells/kg
Perlee 2018 41	Healthy subjects received LPS intravenously (2 ng/kg) 1 hour after the end of MSC infusion	Phase I	32 healthy subjects	Allogeneic AT‐MSCs	Dose‐escalation 0.25 × 106, 1 × 106, or 4 × 106 cells/kg
Matthay 2019 42	ARDS	Phase IIa	20 patients in control group 40 patients in experimental group	Allogeneic BM‐MSCs	10 × 106 cells/kg
Yip 2020 43	ARDS	Phase I	9 patients	Allogeneic UC‐MSCs	Dose‐escalation 1 × 106, 5 × 106, or 10 × 106 cells/kg
Chen 2020 44	H7N9‐induced ARDS	Phase I	44 patients in control group 17 patients in experimental group	Allogeneic menstrual blood‐derived MSCs	3 or 4 intravenous infusion of MSC 1 × 106 cells/kg
Liang 2020 45	SARS‐CoV‐2 induced ARDS	Case report Critical ill context	1 patient	Allogeneic UC‐MSCs	3 doses of 50.106 MSC
Leng 2020 46	SARS‐CoV‐2 induced ARDS	Phase I	3 patients in observational group 7 patients in experimental group	Allogeneic UC‐MSCs	1 × 106 cells/kg

Abbreviations: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; AT‐MSCs, adipose‐derived MSCs; BM‐MSCs, bone marrow‐derived MSCs; UC‐MSCs, umbilical cord‐derived MSCs.