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. 2020 Aug 16;21(16):5872. doi: 10.3390/ijms21165872

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Cytokine levels of (A): Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1b), (B): Interleukin-4 (IL-4), (C): Interleukin-10 (IL-10), (D): Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), (E): Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)) in liver of D-galactose-induced aging rats (600 mg/kg/day) after 12 weeks of treatment. ND (normal diet), HFD (high-fat diet), HFD-statin (high-fat diet, receiving lovastatin 2 mg/kg/day), HFD-DR9 (high-fat diet, receiving L. fermentum DR9 (10¹⁰ CFU/day), HFD-DR7 (high-fat diet, receiving L. plantarum DR7 (10¹⁰ CFU/day), HFD-8513d (high-fat diet, receiving L. reuteri 8513d (10¹⁰ CFU/day). Results are expressed as mean; error bars (SEM); n = 6. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-tests.