Table 2.
Clinical outcomes of hospitalized patients positive for COVID-19 compared with patients negative for COVID-19 and a historical control
| Outcomes, n (%) | Hospitalization and Positive for COVID-19 (n=3345) | Hospitalization and Negative for COVID-19 (n=1265) | Risk Ratio(95% CI) | Historical control (n=9859) | Risk Ratio (95% CI) (positive for COVID-19 versus historical control) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AKI | 1903 (56.9) | 471 (37.2) | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) | 2479 (25.1) | 2.3 (2.2 to 2.4) |
| AKI stage | |||||
| 1 | 942 (49.5)2 | 285 (60.5) | 1830 (73.8) | ||
| 2 | 387 (20.3) | 94 (20.0) | 369 (14.9) | ||
| 3 | 574 (30.2) | 92 (19.5) | 280 (11.3) | ||
| Need for RRT | 164 (4.9) | 20 (1.6) | 3.1 (2.0 to 4.9) | 93 (0.9) | 5.2 (4.0 to 6.7) |
| Type of RRT | |||||
| CRRT | 52 (31.7) | 5 (25) | 25 (26.9) | ||
| PIRRT | 11 (6.7) | 2 (10) | 8 (8.6) | ||
| PD | 16 (9.8) | 0 | 0 | ||
| HD | 85 (51.8) | 13 (65) | 60 (64.5) | ||
| Outcomes of the cohort with stage 3 AKI | |||||
| AKI stage 3 with renal recovery | 243 (42.3) | 63 (68.5) | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.7) | 179 (63.9) | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8) |
| AKI stage 3 with in-hospital death | 299 (52.1) | 18 (19.6) | 2.7 (1.8 to 4.1) | 55 (19.6) | 2.6 (2.1 to 3.4) |
| AKI stage 3 with RRT dependence | 32 (5.6) | 11 (12.0) | 0.5 (0.1 to 0.8) | 46 (16.4) | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.5) |
| Outcomes in the total cohort hospitalized during the study period | |||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 624 (18.7) | 126 (10.0) | 1.9 (1.6 to 2.4) | 486 (4.9) | 3.8 (3.4 to 4.3) |
| ICU | 438 (13.1)a | 46 (3.6)b | 3.6 (2.7 to 4.8) | 323 (3.3) | 4.0 (3.5 to 4.6) |
| In-hospital death | 775 (23.2) | 92 (7.3) | 3.8 (2.6 to 3.9) | 229 (2.3) | 10.0 (8.6 to 11.5) |
| Discharged to NH | 492 (14.7) | 162 (12.8) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.4) | 1436 (14.6) | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) |
| Discharged home | 1650 (49.3) | 788 (62.3) | 0.8 (0.7 to 0.8) | 8108 (82.2) | 0.6 (0.57 to 0.62) |
| Hospital length of stay (d)c | 5 (3–9) | 3 (1–6) | P<0.001 | 3 (2–6) | P<0.001 |
CRRT, continuous RRT; PIRRT, prolonged intermittent RRT; PD, peritoneal dialysis; HD, hemodialysis; NH, nursing home.
a
Data available for n=3341.
b
Data available for n=1262.
c
For these comparisons, Wilcoxon rank sum testing was used.