Table 5.
HRs for CKD development according to time-updated SBP
| SBP | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P Value for Trenda | HR (95% CI) | P Value for Trenda | HR (95% CI) | P Value for Trenda | HR (95% CI) | P Value for Trenda | |
| Continuous SBP | ||||||||
| Per 10-mm Hg increase | 1.39 (1.31 to 1.49) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.17) | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.20) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20) | ||||
| Categorical SBP, mm Hg | ||||||||
| <100 | 0.68 (0.50 to 0.94) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.73 to 1.39) | 0.009 | 0.92 (0.66 to 1.27) | 0.001 | 0.91 (0.66 to 1.26) | 0.001 |
| 100–119 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 120–129 | 1.60 (1.33 to 1.93) | 1.12 (0.93 to 1.36) | 1.19 (0.98 to 1.44) | 1.19 (0.98 to 1.44) | ||||
| 130–139 | 2.22 (1.75 to 2.80) | 1.27 (0.99 to 1.62) | 1.32 (1.03 to 1.68) | 1.33 (1.04 to 1.70) | ||||
| ≥140 | 3.65 (2.46 to 5.41) | 1.65 (1.10 to 2.48) | 1.89 (1.26 to 2.83) | 1.90 (1.27 to 2.85) | ||||
CKD was defined as two consecutive occurrences of eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 during follow-up. SBP, antihypertensive drug use, BMI, HDL-C, and HOMA-IR score were considered as time-varying covariates. Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, BMI, SBP, education, income, alcohol drinking, and smoking history. Model 3: model 2 + HDL-C, serum albumin, C-reactive protein, and baseline eGFR. Model 4: model 3 + HOMA-IR score, physical activity, dietary sodium-potassium intake ratio, and dietary total energy consumption.
a
Tests of trend were conducted by assessing the statistical significance across categorical SBP groups as an ordinal variable.