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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Read Writ. 2020 Apr 15;33(7):1809–1838. doi: 10.1007/s11145-020-10047-z

Table 2:

Home Language (L1) Data for Students in the Sample

Names of Languages Grade 1 (N=346) Grade 3 (N=328) Grade 5 (N=329)

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Kannada 75 21.68 102 31.09 84 25.53
Hindi 55 15.89 62 18.90 70 21.27
Telugu 48 13.87 45 13.72 67 20.36
Bengali 36 10.40 26 7.91 0 0
Tamil 32 9.25 22 6.71 45 13.67
Urdu 29 8.38 35 10.67 15 4.56
Malayalam 25 7.23 17 5.18 0 0
Gujarati 25 7.23 0 0 2 0.60
Marathi 21 6.07 0 0 21 6.38
Kodava 0 0 3 0.91 10 3.04
Konkani 0 0 8 2.45 0 0
Tulu 0 0 10 3.05 15 4.55