Table 2.
Participants' characteristics.
| References | Participants' group | Number of participants n (female) | Age (years old) | Delay after stroke | Baseline locomotor function | Baseline cognitive function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Yahya et al. (25) | Stroke | 19 (2) | 59.6 ± 15.0 | 26.5 ± 27.5 months | 0.5 ± 0.3 m/s | SOMCT: 25.4 ± 3.2 |
| Control | 20 (8) | 54.4 ± 9.4 | – | 1.0 ± 0.03 m/s | NM | |
| Aravind and Lamontagne (39) | Stroke VSN + | 13 (NM) | 59.8 ± 7.7 | 10.5 ± 4.6 months | 0.7 ± 0.2 m/s | MoCA: 26.1 ± 1.5 |
| Stroke VSN – | 13 (NM) | 60.8 ± 6.5 | 11.8 ± 1.6 months | MoCA: 27.1 ± 1.6 | ||
| Chan and Tsang (26) | Stroke | 59 (30) | 62.4 ± 6.8 | 5.4 ± 4.8 years | TUG: 18.0 ± 8.9 s | MMSE: 27.9 ± 2.2 |
| Control | 45 (36) | 61.3 ± 4.8 | – | TUG: 6.3 ± 1.0 s | MMSE: 29.4 ± 1.1 | |
| Denneman et al. (42) | Stroke | 78 (29) | 59.1 ± 10.8 | 31.9 ± 19.7 days | 10MWT: 15.1 ± 8.8 s | DSST: 45.5 ± 18.1 |
| Dennis et al. (27) | Stroke | 21 (8) | 61.0 ± 12.0 | 7–50 months | 0.8 ± 0.4 m/s | RBANS: 83.3 ± 11.8 |
| Control | 10 (2) | 60.0 ± 6.0 | – | 1.4 ± 0.2 m/s | NM | |
| Feld et al. (40) | Stroke | 28 (9) | 58.2 ± 16.6 | 8.9 months (median) (range: 3.7–19.4 months) | 6MWT: 312.6 ± 133.6 m | MoCA: 26 (median) (range: 24.0–27.0) |
| Goh et al. (35) | Stroke | 30 (8) | 61.0 ± 5.7 | 87.3 ± 47.5 months | 10MWT: 0.8 ± 0.3 m/s | Abbreviated mental test: <7 |
| Hyndman et al. (28) | Stroke | 36 (15) | 66.5 ± 11.8 | 16.3 ± 11.8 months | 0.7 ± 0.3 m/s | Star cancellation test (neglect): 52.9 ± 3.9 |
| Control | 24 (10) | 62.3 ± 11.6 | – | 0.9 ± 0.1 m/s | NM | |
| Kemper et al. (29) | Stroke | 10 (NM) | 77.2 ± 5.8 | 24–36 months | “No walking deficits” | SPMSQ: 8.9 ± 1.1 |
| Control | 10 (NM) | 76.3 ± 5.4 | – | “No walking deficits” | SPMSQ: 9.5 ± 0.9 | |
| Manaf et al. (30) | Stroke | 10 (3) | 49.3 ± 8.7 | 17.3 ± 7.6 months | TUG: 0.5 ± 1.8 m/s | MMSE: 28.7 ± 1.6 |
| Control | 10 (5) | 52.8 ± 5.4 | – | NM | MMSE: 29.5 ± 1.6 | |
| Mori et al. (24) | Stroke | 14 (2) | 61.1 ± 9.3 | > 6 months | 10MWT: 0.9 ± 0.2 m/s | MMSE: 29.2 ± 1.1 |
| Control | 14 (3) | 66.3 ± 13.3 | – | 10MWT: 1.2 ± 0.2 m/s | MMSE: 28.7 ± 1.8 | |
| Pang et al. (38) | Stroke | 84 (24) | 61.2 ± 6.4 | 75.3 ± 64.9 months | Mild to moderate impairment in lower limb (CMSA) | MoCA: 26.0 ± 2.8 |
| Patel and Bhatt (31) | Stroke | 10 (NM) | 56.8 ± 6.0 | 4.6 ± 2.6 years | 10MWT: 9.0 ± 2.2 sec | SOCMT: 25.4 ± 2.6 |
| Control (no age-matched) | 10 (NM) | 25.6 ± 5.2 | – | NM | NM | |
| Plummer-D'Amato et al. (41) | Stroke | 13 (2) | 60.5 ± 15.3 | 8.7 ± 4.8 months | 10MWT: 0.8 ± 0.4 m/s | MMSE: 26.7 ± 2.7 |
| Pohl et al. (32) | Stroke | 24 (8) | 66.5 ± 9.1 | 46.3 ± 32.3 months | 10MWT: 0.7 ± 0.3 m/s | MMSE: 28.6 ± 1.7 |
| Control | 12 (6) | 72.7 ± 8.0 | – | 10MWT: 1.0 ± 0.2 m/s | MMSE: 29.7 ± 0.7 | |
| Regnaux et al. (33) | Stroke | 18 (6) | 46.6 ± 12.3 | 13.7 ± 16.2 months | 10MWT: 0.5 ± 0.3 m/s | “No major cognitive impairment” |
| Control | 10 (3) | 25-55 | – | NM | NM | |
| Manaf et al. (30) | Stroke | 30 (13) | 55.0 ± 12.0 | 53.0 ± 73.0 months | 10MWT: 0.9 ± 0.3 m/s | MMSE: 28.0 ± 2 |
| Tisserand et al. (34) | Stroke | 12 (5) | 58.0 ± 12.8 | 27.0 ± 17.5 months | 10MWT: 0.9 ± 0.4 m/s | MMSE: 29.0 ± 2.0 |
| Control | 10 (6) | 58.5 ± 4.0 | – | 10MWT: 1.5 ± 0.2 m/s | MMSE: 29.0 ± 0.3 | |
| Yang et al. (37) | Stroke | 88 (24) | 62.6 ± 7.8 | 105.9 ± 61.6 months | 10MWT: 14.1 ± 6.9 s | MoCA: 24.8 ± 2.9 |
| Yang et al. (36) | Stroke | 61 (15) | 62.9 ± 7.8 | 111.9 ± 66.7 months | 10MWT: 14.5 ± 8.1 s | MoCA: 25.3 ± 2.4 |
| Control | 32 (14) | 61.0 ± 7.3 | – | 10MWT: 8.3 ± 1.5 s | MoCA: 26.6 ± 2.5 |
6MWT, 6-min Walk Test; 10MWT, 10-meter Walking Test; CMSA, Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test (correct responses in 90 s); m, meters; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination (max 30); MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (max 30); m/s; NM, Not mentioned; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the assessment of Neuropsychological Status (correct responses in 90 s); SOMCT, Short Orientation, Memory, and Concentration Test (max 28); SPMSQ, Short Portable Cognitive Status Questionnaire (max 10); VSN +, participants with visuospatial neglect; VSN -, participants without visuospatial neglect.