Table 3.
Dual-task interference on locomotor and cognitive performances according to the nature of the tasks in stroke survivors.
| References | Locomotor Task | DTI on locomotor performance | Cognitive Task | DTI on cognitive performance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FORWARD WALKING | ||||
| Al-Yahya et al. (25) | Treadmill | Stride length: ↓ Cadence: ↓ |
Serial subtraction (-7) | Counting rate: ↓ Accuracy: NS |
| Feld et al. (40) | Overground | Walking speed: ↓ | Auditory Stroop Test | Accuracy: ↓ Reaction time: NS |
| Goh et al. (35) | Overground at comfortable and maximum walking speed | Comfortable walking speed: ↓ Maximum walking speed: ↓ |
Serial subtraction (-3) | Accuracy: NS (for both speed) |
| Hyndman et al. (28) | Overground | Walking time: ↑ Walking speed: ↓ Stride length: ↓ |
Auditory mental task (shopping list) | Number of items correctly recalled items: ↓ |
| Patel and Bhatt (31) | Overground | Walking speed: ↓ | Visuomotor reaction time Serial subtraction (-2) Visual Stroop Test |
Visuomotor reaction time Reaction time: ↑ Serial subtraction (-2) & Visual Stroop Test Number of correct responses: ↓ |
| Regnaux et al. (33) | Treadmill | Stride time: NS Time of task: NS |
Reaction time after an electrical stimulation | Reaction time: ↑ |
| Tisserand et al. (34) | Overground | Walking speed: NS Margin of stability width: NS Base of support width: NS |
Counting forward and backward Semantic and phonemic verbal fluencies |
Accuracy: ↓ |
| Yang et al. (36) | Overground | Walking time: ↑ | Serial subtraction (-3) Serial subtraction (-7) |
Accuracy: NS |
| WALKING WITH DIRECTION CHANGES | ||||
| Chan and Tsang (26) | Back and forth (180°) | Turning time: NS Number of steps to turn: NS Walking time: NS |
Auditory Stroop Test | Reaction time: NS Accuracy: ↓ |
| Denneman et al. (42) | Timed-Up-and Go | Walking time: ↑ | Auditory Stroop Test | Composite score: ↓ |
| Dennis et al. (27) | Oval walkway at preferred and maximum speed |
Serial subtraction (-3) Preferred walking speed: ↓ Fast walking speed: ↓ Clock Face Test Preferred walking speed: NS Fast walking speed: NS |
Serial subtraction (-3) Clock face test |
Serial subtraction (-3) Accuracy: NS (for both speed) Clock Face Test Preferred walking speed Accuracy: NS Fast walking speed Accuracy: ↓ |
| Kemper et al. (29) | Oval walkway | Cadence: NS Time on task: ↓ |
Spontaneous speech | Fluency: ↓ Grammatical complexity: ↓ Semantic content: ↓ |
| Manaf et al. (30) | Timed-Up-and Go | Walking time: ↑ Walking speed: ↓ Stride time: ↑ Stride length: NS Coefficient of variability of walking speed: NS Coefficient of variability of stride length: NS Coefficient of variability of stride time: NS |
Serial subtraction (-3) (with prioritization) |
Number of repeated trials: ↑ Number of correct responses: ↓ |
| Plummer-D'Amato et al. (41) | Oval walkway |
Auditory 1-back; Clock Face Test; Spontaneous speech Walking speed: ↓ Stride length: ↓ Cadence: ↓ Stride time variability: NS Clock Face Test; Spontaneous speech Stride time: ↓ Auditory 1-back Stride time: NS |
Auditory 1-back Clock face test Spontaneous speech |
Auditory 1-back; Clock Face Test Reaction time: NS Accuracy: NS Spontaneous speech Utterances/narrative: ↓ Significant decline in words/narrative: ↓ Significant decline in pauses/utterance: ↓ Proportion of utterance with new information: ↓ Sentence length: NS Fillers/utterance: NS Sentence complexity: NS Proportion of grammatical sentence: NS |
| Pohl et al. (32) | Oval walkway | Cadence: ↓ | Spontaneous speech | Grammatical complexity: ↓ Semantic content: ↓ Speech rate: NS Fluency: NS |
| WALKING WITH OBSTACLES | ||||
| Aravind and Lamontagne (39) | Avoidance moving obstacle walking | Minimum absolute distance: Without visuospatial neglect: ↑ With visuospatial neglect: ↓ Delay of onset of avoidance strategy: Without visuospatial neglect: NS With visuospatial neglect: ↑ Walking speed: With visuospatial neglect: ↓ Rate of collision: Without visuospatial neglect: NS With visuospatial neglect: ↑ |
Auditory Stroop Test: Word “cat” presented in high or low pitch (Cog-CAT) Words “high” or “low” presented in a high or low pitch (Cog-HL) |
Cog-CAT accuracy: With and without visuospatial neglect: ↑ Cog-HL accuracy: With and without visuospatial neglect: ↑ |
| Yang et al. (36) | Crossing obstacle walking | Walking time: ↑ | Serial subtraction (-3) Serial subtraction (-7) |
Serial subtraction (-3) Accuracy: ↓ Serial subtraction (-7) Accuracy: NS |
| OTHER WALKING TASKS | ||||
| Timmermans et al. (20) | Challenging-physical walking task (three stepping walk, 2-m tandem-walking, 3 crossing-obstacles) Challenging-projected walking task (projected obstacles) |
Walking speed: ↓ Walking adaptability performance score: ↓ |
Serial subtraction (-3) | Accuracy: ↓ |
NS, non-significant. ↑, increase; ↓, decrease in outcome measure.