Table 2.
Biomarkers for relapse (alphabetical order).
| Biomarker name | Main message on association with relapse | Specimen analyzed | Number of patients analyzed | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALL MRD | MRD positivity at day 60 after allo-HSCT or beyond is highly predictive for subsequent relapse. | BM | 113 | (78) |
| BCR-ABL | Relative risk of relapse is significantly higher for patients with a detectable BCR/ABL transcript following allo-HSCT. | BM | 30 | (79) |
| CBFB-MYH11 | CBFB-MYH11 transcript levels that decreased by <3 logs compared with pre-treatment baseline levels at 1, 2 and 3 months after allo-HSCT are predictive for relapse. | BM | 53 | (80) |
| Chimerism | Relapse is more frequent in patients with MC than in patients with CC. | PB, BM | 101 | (81) |
| Patients with MC on day 90 after allo-HSCT are at higher risk of relapse and have lower disease-free survival and overall survival when compared with patients with CC. | BM | 69 | (82) | |
| The cumulative incidence of relapse is significantly higher in ALL patients with increasing MC compared with those with CC. | PB, BM | 101 | (83) | |
| Decrease of CD34+-specific donor chimerism to <80% can predict relapse. | CD34+ cells from PB | 14 | (84) | |
| T lymphocyte chimerism ≤ 85% at days 90 and 120 after allo-HSCT predicts relapse for AML/MDS patients who were in first/second complete remission at transplantation. | T cells from PB | 378 | (85) | |
| DNMT3A | Patients with persistent ctDNA+ status of DNMT3A and other founder mutations either at 1 month or 3 months post-allo-HSCT have a higher risk of relapse and death. | ctDNA from PB, BM | 51 | (86) |
| FLT3-ITD | Reduction in FLT3-ITD mutation burden after gilteritinib treatment in patients with relapsed or refractory AML is associated with longer median overall survival. | BM | 80 | (87) |
| IL-15 | Lower peak levels of IL-15 on day 14 after transplantation are associated with subsequent occurrence of malignancy relapse. | Plasma | 40 | (33) |
| MLL | MLL positivity is associated with a higher rate of relapse, lower leukemia-free survival and lower overall survival. | BM | 40 | (88) |
| NPM1 | Persistent NPM1 mutation-based MRD after allo-HSCT is associated with increased incidence of relapse. | BM | 53 | (89) |
| BM | 174 | (90) | ||
| BM | 59 | (91) | ||
| RUNX1-RUNX1T1 | RUNX1/RUNX1T1-based MRD status during the first 3 months after allo-HSCT is highly predictive for post-transplant relapse for t(8;21) patients. | BM | 92 | (92) |
| BM | 208 | (93) | ||
| Stearic acid/palmitic acid ratio | High stearic acid/palmitic acid ratio on day 7 after transplantation is associated with increased risk of relapse. | Serum | 114 | (48) |
| WT1 | Continuous increase of PB-WT1 transcripts and high levels of pre-transplant BM-WT1 transcripts at 3 months post-allo-HSCT are associated with increased risk of relapse. | PB | 59 | (94) |
| BM | 425 | (95) |