TABLE 2.
Results of reliability and validity analysis.
| Latent variable | Measurement item | Factor loading | AVE | CR | CA |
| Tourism economic empowerment (ECE) | ECE1 | 0.83*** | 0.62 | 0.83 | 0.81 |
| ECE2 | 0.90*** | ||||
| ECE3 | 0.60*** | ||||
| Tourism psychological empowerment (PSE) | PSE1 | 0.78*** | 0.63 | 0.84 | 0.84 |
| PSE2 | 0.77*** | ||||
| PSE3 | 0.83*** | ||||
| Tourism social empowerment (SOE) | SOE1 | 0.81*** | 0.59 | 0.81 | 0.81 |
| SOE2 | 0.84*** | ||||
| SOE3 | 0.64*** | ||||
| Tourism political empowerment (POE) | POE1 | 0.77*** | 0.54 | 0.82 | 0.84 |
| POE2 | 0.74*** | ||||
| POE3 | 0.70*** | ||||
| POE4 | 0.72*** | ||||
| Participation willingness (PAW) | PAW1 | 0.47*** | 0.53 | 0.88 | 0.88 |
| PAW2 | 0.64*** | ||||
| PAW3 | 0.72*** | ||||
| PAW4 | 0.80*** | ||||
| PAW5 | 0.82*** | ||||
| PAW6 | 0.83*** | ||||
| PAW7 | 0.73*** | ||||
| Participation ability (PAA) | PAA1 | 0.68*** | 0.44 | 0.83 | 0.83 |
| PAA2 | 0.59*** | ||||
| PAA3 | 0.70*** | ||||
| PAA4 | 0.72*** | ||||
| PAA5 | 0.67*** | ||||
| PAA6 | 0.65*** | ||||
| Participation behavior (PAB) | PAB1 | 0.68*** | 0.52 | 0.86 | 0.86 |
| PAB2 | 0.64*** | ||||
| PAB3 | 0.53*** | ||||
| PAB4 | 0.78*** | ||||
| PAB5 | 0.87*** | ||||
| PAB6 | 0.76*** |
***p < 0.001.