Table 1.

Some selected studies on the detection of viruses by electrochemical methods

Target	Biosensor type	Nanomaterial	Sample type	Reference
Influenza virus M1 protein	Electrochemical impedance	Nanocrystalline boron-doped diamond	Saliva	[84]
Hepatitis C virus DNA	Electrochemical impedance	MB@SiNPs	Real patient specimen	[85]
Dengue virus DNA	Voltammetric	ZnO/Pt_Pd nanocomposite	–	[85]
HBV DNA	Electrochemical impedance	AuNPs	Real patient specimen	[86]
Avian influenza virus H5N1 gene	Voltammetric	MWCNTs_AuNPs	–	[87]
Dengue type 2 virus	Voltammetric	Nanoporous alumina	Infected Aedesaegypti Mosquito sample	[88]
Influenza virus	Voltammetric	CdS QDs	Real patient samples	[89]
Chikungunya virus DNA	Electrochemical paper analytical device	Gold shells_coated magnetic nanocubes	Serum	[90]
Influenza virus H1N1	Chronoamperometric	rGO	–	[91]