Table 3.

Unadjusted and Adjusted Association of Opioid Prescriptions and Pharmaceutical Opioid Overdose Among Adolescents and Young Adults

	Model 1	Model 2
	Adjusted	Adjusted
	aHR (95% CI)a,b	aHR (95% CI)a,c
Opioid Prescription in the Past Month
No Prescription	[Reference]
Prescriptions to Family Members	2.17 (1.24 – 3.79)
Prescriptions to Youth	6.62 (3.39 – 12.91)
Prescriptions to Youth and Family Members	12.99 (5.08 – 33.25)
Total MME to Family Members in the Past Month
None		[Reference]
>0-<200 MME		1.39 (0.51 – 3.81)
200-<600 MME		1.49 (0.59 – 3.77)
≥600 MME		2.93 (1.55 – 5.56)
Total MME to Youth in the Past Month
None		[Reference]
>0-<120 MME		2.67 (0.63 – 11.28)
120-<225 MME		5.22 (1.87 – 14.60)
≥225 MME		8.77 (4.05 – 18.99)

Abbreviations: HR = hazard ratio; aHR = adjusted hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; MME = morphine milligram equivalents

^aCovariates in adjusted models include one or more conditions in the Quan-Deyo Modified Charlson Comorbidity Index, drug use disorder, alcohol use disorder, tobacco use, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, mood disorder, pain diagnosis, benzodiazepines, stimulants, anti-depressants, gender, race, ethnicity, age, subscriber unit size, and tract-level median family income

^bModel 1 specifies exposure to opioid prescriptions in the past month as a four-level time-varying measure

^cModel 2 includes total opioid dosage (MME) in the past month for family members and youth as time-varying measures grouped into categories of approximately equal size