Table 1.

Goals of patient and researcher engagement in critical care medicine research

Goals	Learn/Inform	Participate	Consult	Involve	Collaborate	Lead/Support
Patient	To ask questions and learn about how to get more involved	To act as a subject or participant in a research study	To provide feedback and advice on specific research activities	To work directly with a research team throughout the project	To partner on equal footing with researcher in all aspects of research	To make decisions and lead research activities
Researcher	To provide information, listen, and answer questions honestly	To act ethically and respectfully in the conduct of research	To seek patient input on an ad hoc basis	To include patients as standing members of an advisory group	To partner equally with patients as team members	To follow the patient’s lead and support their decisions
How can this be done in critical care medicine?	Through orientation and information sessions and in media campaigns in an open atmosphere for sharing	Through quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods research	Through Café Scientifiques, focus groups, priority-setting activities, and as members of ad hoc working groups or expert panels	Patients as members of standing working groups and research advisory committees	Patients as coinvestigators and research partners and as members of research steering committees	Through patient or community steering committees and patients as principal investigators

Adapted with permission from Reference 22.